Appendix 1 - Measurements We make QUALITATIVE observations of reactions — changes in color and physical state.We make QUALITATIVE observations of reactions — changes in color and physical state. We also make QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve numbers.We also make QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve numbers. –Use SI units —(International System of Units) based on the metric system

Standards of Measurement When we measure, we use a measuring tool to compare some dimension of an object to a standard. For example, at one time the standard for length was the king’s foot. What are some problems with this standard?

Some Tools for Measurement Which tool(s) would you use to measure: A. temperature B. volume C. time D. weight

Learning Check Match L) length M) mass V) volume ____ A. A bag of tomatoes is 4.6 kg. ____ B. A person is 2.0 m tall. ____ C. A medication contains 0.50 g Aspirin. ____ D. A bottle contains 1.5 L of water. M L M V

S.I. Measurement Based on: - number - units - accuracy report S.I. Units are: - related by factors of 10 * Table C of Reference Tables

Metric Prefixes Kilo- 10 or 1 kilometer = 10 mKilo- 10 or 1 kilometer = 10 m 1 km or 1000 m 10 m 1 km Centi- 10 or 100 centimeters = 1 meterCenti- 10 or 100 centimeters = 1 meter 100 cm or 1 m 1 m 100 cm 1 m 100 cm Milli- 10 or 1000 mmMilli- 10 or 1000 mm 1 m 1 m

Metric Prefixes

Base Units Length = meter (m)Length = meter (m) Mass = kilogram (kg) also gram (g)Mass = kilogram (kg) also gram (g) Mass vs. Weight Mass: Amount of Matter Weight: Force exerted by the mass, only present with gravity

Temperature Kelvin (K)Kelvin (K) Measure of the average kinetic energyMeasure of the average kinetic energy *Thermometer is a molecular speedometer. Shows vibrational energy. Table T ofTable T of Reference Tables Reference Tables

Time The base unit for time = seconds (s) 60 seconds = 1 minute = 1/60 hour

Amount of a Substance Measured in moles (mol) Contains Avogadro’s number of particles 6.02 X ,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 23

Derived Units - Volume Liter (L) Volume = L X W X H 1cm X 1cm X 1cm = cm or 1ml 1dm X 1dm X 1dm = dm or 1L 3 3

Derived Units – Heat Energy Joules (J) 4.18 J = the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree K. Table B of Reference Tables – Specific Heat of Water Heat (q) = 4.18J/gK X g (water) X t

Heat Energy Suppose that a calorimeter contains 200. grams of water at K. As an exothermic reaction occurs the water temperature rises to K. What is the quantity of heat transferred? 1.Temperature change of 20.0 K for 200g water. 2.q= 4.18 J/gK X 200g X 20.0 K 3.q= 16,720 J or 16.7 KJ 1 calorie = 4.18 Joules

Pressure Pascal (Pa) Pa = force unit area Table A of Reference Tables 1 atm = kPa

Density Table T of Reference Tables Solve for m D X V = m Solve for V = m D

Density Practice 1.What is the density of an object with a mass of 20.1g and a volume of 142.5cm ? 1.What is the mass of an object with a density of 32.1 g/cm and a volume of 10.0cm ? 2.What is the volume of an object with a mass of 40g and a density of 10g/cm ?