Digestive System به نام خداوند جان و خرد (Gastrointestinal Physiology)

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Digestive System به نام خداوند جان و خرد (Gastrointestinal Physiology) دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان دکتر پورشانظری poursha@med.ac.ir

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GI System Anatomy General Principle Motility Secretion Digestion Absorption pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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General Principles: Function, Nervous Control, Blood Circulation Motility, pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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propulsive movements pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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enteric nervous system 1) Myenteric plexus or Auerbach’s plexus Gastrointestinal movements (tonic contraction, rhythmical contractions, rate of the rhythm, peristaltic waves) 2) submucosal plexus or Meissner’s plexus Gastrointestinal secretion and local blood flow pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

The myenteric plexus is mainly excitatory but some of its neurons are inhibitory vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) inhibiting: pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Types of Neurotransmitters Secreted by Enteric Neurons (1) acetylcholine (2) norepinephrine. (3) adenosine triphosphate, (4) serotonin, (5) dopamine, (6) cholecystokinin, (7)substance P, (8) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, (9) somatostatin, (10) leu-enkephalin, (11) metenkephalin, (12) bombesin pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Autonomic Control of the Gastrointestinal Tract Parasympathetic Innervation. cranial (vagus nerves) esophagus, stomach, pancreas and somewhat less to the intestines Sacral(S2,S3,S4) distal half of the large intestine and all the way to the anus pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Sympathetic Innervation between segments T-5 and L-2 sympathetic chains celiac ganglion mesenteric ganglia pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Gastrointestinal Reflexes 1) within the gut wall enteric nervous system. gastrointestinal secretion, peristalsis, mixing contractions, local inhibitory pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

enterogastric reflexes colonoileal reflex 2) from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and then back to the gastrointestinal tract. gastrocolic reflex enterogastric reflexes colonoileal reflex pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

3)from the gut to the spinal cord or brain stem and then back to the gastrointestinal tract (1)from the stomach and duodenum to the brain stem and back to the stomach—by way of the vagus nerves—to control gastric motor and secretory activity (2) pain reflexes that cause general inhibition of the entire gastrointestinal tract (3) defecation reflexes that travel from the colon and rectum to the spinal cord and back again to produce the powerful colonic, rectal, and abdominal contractions required for defecation pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility Gastrin (“G” cells of the antrum) ingestion of a meal, the products of proteins, and gastrin releasing peptide,which is released by the nerves of the gastric mucosa during vagal stimulation. actions of Gastrin : (1) stimulation of gastric acid secretion (2) stimulation of growth of the gastric mucosa. (3) stimulation of gastric motility pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Cholecystokinin secreted by: “I” cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum In response to: digestive products of fat, fatty acids,monoglycerides in the intestinal contents. Function: contracts the gallbladder, expelling bile into the small intestine inhibits stomach contraction moderately pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

was the first gastrointestinal hormone discovered Secretin was the first gastrointestinal hormone discovered secreted by : the “S” cells in the mucosa of the duodenum in response to acidic gastric juice Function: mild effect on motility of the gastrointestinal tract promote pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate inhibits stomach contraction moderately pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) secreted by the mucosa of the upper small intestine, mainly in response to fatty acids and amino acids but to a lesser extent in response to carbohydrate. mild effect in decreasing motor activity of the stomach slows emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum when the upper small intestine is already overloaded pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Motilin secreted by: the upper duodenum during fasting function : increase gastrointestinal motility. released cyclically: interdigestive myoelectric complexes that move through the stomach and small intestine every 90 minutes in a fasted person. pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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cholecystokinin, VIP, and secretin. Kinins: kallidin and bradykinin Possible Causes of the Increased Blood Flow During Gastrointestinal Activity. peptide hormones: cholecystokinin, VIP, and secretin. Kinins: kallidin and bradykinin Hypoxy: decreased oxygen concentration release adenosine ( a vasodilator) pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Nervous Control of Gastrointestinal Blood Flow parasympathetic nerves : increases local blood flow Sympathetic stimulation: vasoconstriction of the arterioles decreased blood flow autoregulatory escape. pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Motility pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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فلج مکانیسم بلع(آسیب اعصاب 5،9 و 10) اختلالات بلع و مری فلج مکانیسم بلع(آسیب اعصاب 5،9 و 10) آسیب مرکز بلع :پولیومیلیت(فلج اطفال)،انسفالیت نارسایی هدایت عصبی عضلانی :دیستروفی عضلانی،میاستنی گراو و بوتولیسم بیهوشی pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Achalasia عدم شلی اسفنکتر تحتانی مری هنگام بلع علت: آسیب شبکه عصبی میانتریک در دو سوم تحتانی مری و انقباض تونوسی دائم pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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Regulation of Stomach Emptying food volume+ stretching of the stomach+ Gastrin ++ Enterogastric Nervous Reflexes - - cholecystokinin (CCK) - - - Secretin - gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) - pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Enterogastric Nervous Reflexes 1. distention of the duodenum 2. irritation of the duodenal mucosa 3. acidity of the duodenal chyme 4. osmolality of the chyme 5. breakdown products of proteins and fats pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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Control of Peristalsis by Nervous and Hormonal Signals Gastroenteric Reflex + gastrin, CCK, insulin, motilin, and serotonin + secretin and glucagon _ pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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اختلالات روده بزرگ 1-یبوست(constipation) عوامل: تومورها چسبندگی زخم ها اتونی روده در اثر مهار مکرر رفلکس دفع اسپاسم کولون سیگموئید مگاکولون ناشی از آسیب سلولهای عقدهای میانتریک pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

2-اسهال(Diarhea) عوامل: انتریت(التهاب ویروسی یا باکتریایی) وبا اسهال روانزاد(psychogenic) کولیت اولسر pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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Secretion pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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Daily Secretion of Intestinal Juices Daily Volume (ml) pH Saliva 1000 6.0–7.0 Gastric secretion 1500 1.0–3.5 Pancreatic secretion 1000 8.0–8.3 Bile 1000 7.8 Small intestine secretion 1800 7.5–8.0 Brunner’s gland secretion 200 8.0–8.9 Large intestinal secretion 200 7.5–8.0 Total 6700 pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Anatomical Types of Glands mucous cells (goblet Cells) Pits in small intestine ( crypts of Lieberkühn) Tubular glands in the stomach and upper duodenum. complex glands(salivary glands, pancreas, and liver) pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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Function of Saliva for Oral Hygiene wash away pathogenic bacteria and food particles Contains:thiocyanate –lysozyme-antibodies pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

Nervous Regulation of Salivary Secretion by parasympathetic nervous signals from the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei in the brain stem. taste and tactile stimuli appetite area stomach and upper small intestines reflexes pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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گاستریت (التهاب مخاط معده) اختلالات معده گاستریت (التهاب مخاط معده) نفوذپذیری سد معدی آتروفی معده آکلریدی و هیپوکالریدی کم خونی کشنده پرنسیوز عوامل گاستریت: عفونت هلیکوباکتر پیلوری الکل آسپرین سیگار pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

زخم پپتیک درمان: 1-آنتی بیوتیکها درمان: 1-آنتی بیوتیکها 2- انتی هیستامین‌ H2(رانی تیدین ، سايميتيدين) pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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پانکراتیت(التهاب لوزالمعده) علت: الکل - انسداد پاپیلای واتر توسط سنگ صفراوی انسداد مجرای اصلی و مشترک تجمع آنزیم های لوزالمعده فعال شدن آنزیم های پروتئولیتیک هضم لوزالمعده pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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اسپرو(سوء جذب در روده باریک) اسپروی غیر گرمسیری: حساسیت به اثرات سمی گلوتن در حبوبات مثل گندم و چاودار(اسپروی ایدیوپاتیک،سیلیاک یا انتروپاتی گلوتن) تخریب مخاط توسط گلوتن سوء جذب مخاط pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

اسپروی گرمسیری سوء جذب ناشی از عفونت یک عامل ناشناخته قابل در مان با انتی بیوتیک pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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Digestion & Absorption pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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استئاتوره(وجود چربی زیاد در مدفوع ناشی از اختلال جذب) سوء جذب پروتئین اختلالات سوء جذب اسپرو روده باریک: استئاتوره(وجود چربی زیاد در مدفوع ناشی از اختلال جذب) سوء جذب پروتئین سوء جذب کربوهیدرات سوء جذب کلسیم(استئومالاسی) سوء جذب ویتامین K (انعقاد ناکافی) ، کاهش جذب ویتامین و اسید فولیکB12 (کم خونی کشنده) pourshanazari@med.ac.ir

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I didn’t learn Anything. What about you? pourshanazari@med.ac.ir