Latin America & Caribbean Grenville Barnes Land Administration Mini-Retreat

CENTRAL AMERICA Belize (IDB) Guatemala (WB) Honduras (WB, EU, IDB) El Salvador (USAID, WB) Nicaragua (WB, MCC) Costa Rica (IDB) Panama (WB, IDB) CENTRAL AMERICA Belize (IDB) Guatemala (WB) Honduras (WB, EU, IDB) El Salvador (USAID, WB) Nicaragua (WB, MCC) Costa Rica (IDB) Panama (WB, IDB) SOUTH AMERICA Guyana (IDB, DFID) Colombia (IDB) Ecuador (IDB, WB) Peru (IDB, WB, USAID) Brazil (IDB) Bolivia (WB, USAID, Neth, Nordic) Paraguay (IDB) Suriname (Neth. IDB) SOUTH AMERICA Guyana (IDB, DFID) Colombia (IDB) Ecuador (IDB, WB) Peru (IDB, WB, USAID) Brazil (IDB) Bolivia (WB, USAID, Neth, Nordic) Paraguay (IDB) Suriname (Neth. IDB) CARIBBEAN Jamaica (IDB) Trinidad & Tobago (IDB) Bahamas (IDB) Dominican Republic (IDB) Antigua & OECS Countries (OAS) Turks and Caicos (DFID) CARIBBEAN Jamaica (IDB) Trinidad & Tobago (IDB) Bahamas (IDB) Dominican Republic (IDB) Antigua & OECS Countries (OAS) Turks and Caicos (DFID) [ MEXICO (WB & IDB) Land Administration Projects and Funding Agency

Increasing Specialization Titling/Cadastral Titling/Cadastral Land Administration Land Administration Land Access Land Access Vulnerable Vulnerable Indigenous/traditional Indigenous/traditional

Cost/Benefit No systematic understanding of costs No systematic understanding of costs Benefits: Benefits: credit credit market distribution market distribution natural resource management natural resource management access by poor access by poor infrastructure infrastructure Empirical data is not convincing Empirical data is not convincing “.. Getting it right…?”

Technical Focus Why does the country with one of the most dynamic land markets not have: Why does the country with one of the most dynamic land markets not have: legal cadastre legal cadastre integrated cadastre/registry integrated cadastre/registry geo-referenced land parcels geo-referenced land parcels compulsory registration compulsory registration registration of title registration of title?

Adoption and Diffusion of GPS technology Barriers to GPS Technology Adoption Technological Discontinuity Operational Problems Retention Problems Lack of Training Inaccessibility of Knowledge Unstable Economy Political Unrest Scarcity of Capital Need to define property parcels in a rapid and cost- effective manner (adapted from Niemann, Ventura et al 1988)

What is Happening to Community- based Property in LAC Neo-liberal land policies beginning in 1990s Neo-liberal land policies beginning in 1990s favors individual marketable property favors individual marketable property How have community tenure responded to these policies and globalization forces? How have community tenure responded to these policies and globalization forces? Evolution related to: Evolution related to: governance governance culture (e.g. Maya, Kuna) culture (e.g. Maya, Kuna) external factors – tourism, community forestry external factors – tourism, community forestry Indigenous + Traditional (rubber-tappers, chicleros)

RESOURCE TENURE VERSUS LAND TENURE (Pando, Bolivia) Source: Cronkleton and Albornoz 2007

Informality Following titling many subsequent transactions are not formalized: Following titling many subsequent transactions are not formalized: Inheritance Inheritance sales sales affordable? affordable? Difficult to develop integrated registry/cadastre institutions Difficult to develop integrated registry/cadastre institutions “single window” approach “single window” approach integrated database (separate institutions) integrated database (separate institutions)

Searching for Resilient Land Systems Resilience = ability of a system to absorb shocks and still maintain its fundamental structure and function Resilience = ability of a system to absorb shocks and still maintain its fundamental structure and function Factors affecting resilience: Factors affecting resilience: connectivity connectivity livelihood strategies (migratory labor) livelihood strategies (migratory labor) generational transformations generational transformations Resilience assumes change and tries to explain stability, instead of assuming stability and explaining change …(Folke et al 2003)

Local Governance Transparency Transparency Accountability Accountability Polycentric Institutions Polycentric Institutions Vertical integration (scale) Vertical integration (scale) Is there a linkage between national level measurement of Governance and community- level Governance ? SCALE MATTERS!