Capacity Building for Air Quality Management and the Application of Clean Coal Combustion Technologies in Central Asia (CAPACT) Final Meeting Almaty, 4-6 July 2007 Almaty, 4-6 July 2007 Relevant CLRTAP Protocols Lars Nordberg Adviser tele2.se

CLRTAP 1979 CLRTAP 51 Parties 1984 EMEP Protocol 42 Parties 1985 Sulphur Protocol 23 Parties 1988 NOx Protocol 31 Parties 1991 VOC Protocol 22 Parties 1994 Sulphur Protocol 27 Parties 1998 Heavy Metals Protocol 28 Parties 1998 POP Protocol 28 Parties 1999 Multi-Pollutant Protocol 23 Parties Status June 2007 Status June 2007

EMEP International mandatory cost- sharing for monitoring, modelling and evaluation (three centres) Backbone for information on: -- emissions -- emissions -- atmospheric transport -- atmospheric transport -- chemical transformation, -- chemical transformation, deposition and concentrations deposition and concentrations

EMEP Input to: -- modelling of transboundary -- modelling of transboundary fluxes fluxes -- integrated assessments -- integrated assessments -- compliance monitoring -- compliance monitoring -- effect studies -- effect studies -- negotiation of commitments -- negotiation of commitments

EMEP Requirements in monitoring strategy -- collaboration on instrumentation -- collaboration on instrumentation and techniques and techniques -- measurements (level 1) of -- measurements (level 1) of parameters for acidification, parameters for acidification, eutrophication, ground-level eutrophication, ground-level ozone, heavy metals (Cd and Pb) ozone, heavy metals (Cd and Pb)

EMEP Requirements in monitoring strategy -- measurements (level 2) of NH3, -- measurements (level 2) of NH3, light hydro-carbons, Hg, POP, light hydro-carbons, Hg, POP, mineral dust mineral dust -- network of measurement sites -- network of measurement sites -- relaxation of mandatory -- relaxation of mandatory requirements is possible requirements is possible

POPs Health concern - 16 pollutants -- pesticides, industrial chemicals, -- pesticides, industrial chemicals, by-products by-products -- elimination: 12 by elimination: 12 by restriction on use: 3 by restriction on use: 3 by 2003 (DDT in both groups) (DDT in both groups) -- special provisions: PAH, -- special provisions: PAH, dioxin/furans dioxin/furans

POPs Limit values for dioxins/furans -- new stationary sources - -- new stationary sources - by 2003 by existing stationary sources – -- existing stationary sources – by 2011 by exemptions exist -- exemptions exist

POPs Suggestions for preparatory work -- emission sources and releases -- emission sources and releases -- emission factors -- emission factors -- actual emissions -- actual emissions -- technical/economic implications -- technical/economic implications -- benefit assessment -- benefit assessment -- reporting -- reporting

HEAVY METALS Health concern -- cadmium, lead, mercury -- cadmium, lead, mercury -- reduction of annual emissions by -- reduction of annual emissions by limit values and BAT for -- limit values and BAT for stationary sources (new ones by stationary sources (new ones by 2005, existing ones by 2011) 2005, existing ones by 2011)

HEAVY METALS -- product control for lead and -- product control for lead and mercury (transition countries mercury (transition countries by 2013) by 2013) -- cost-effectiveness -- cost-effectiveness

HEAVY METALS Suggestions for preparatory work -- emission sources and releases -- emission sources and releases -- emission factors -- emission factors -- technical/economic implications -- technical/economic implications -- benefit assessment -- benefit assessment -- reporting -- reporting

MULTI-POLLUTANTS Environment and Health Concerns -- effects basis -- effects basis -- SO2, NOx, NH3, VOC -- SO2, NOx, NH3, VOC and PM (indirectly) and PM (indirectly) -- national emission ceilings -- national emission ceilings -- reduction schemes -- reduction schemes

MULTI-POLLUTANTS -- optimized cost-effectiveness for the -- optimized cost-effectiveness for the whole region whole region -- differentiated obligations differentiated obligations emission reporting -- emission reporting -- Pollutant Emissions Management -- Pollutant Emissions Management Area (PEMA) Area (PEMA) -- accession requirements -- accession requirements -- preparatory work with EMEP, IIASA, -- preparatory work with EMEP, IIASA, CIAM CIAM

How much attention do we need to give to Acid Rain in the next 25 years? In Europe, the problem-at least for policy measures-now ranks lower than many other air pollution problems In Europe, the problem-at least for policy measures-now ranks lower than many other air pollution problems In terms of transboundary issues, particles, eutrophication and ozone are now more important In terms of transboundary issues, particles, eutrophication and ozone are now more important A job well done?! A job well done?! In Europe perhaps but other regions of the world-in Asia for example-it is recognised as a problem In Europe perhaps but other regions of the world-in Asia for example-it is recognised as a problem One component of the future work of UNECE/CLRTAP is fostering regional co- operation world-wide One component of the future work of UNECE/CLRTAP is fostering regional co- operation world-wide Defra Defra

Shipping and Aviation Still much to be done here – but will IMO and ICAO move fast enough? Still much to be done here – but will IMO and ICAO move fast enough? Action at national level can only have limited effectiveness for these sectors so a different approach is needed-how well can the EU influence these international organisations? Action at national level can only have limited effectiveness for these sectors so a different approach is needed-how well can the EU influence these international organisations? What role can CLRTAP play here? What role can CLRTAP play here? Defra Defra

We need to build on the strengths of CLRTAP CLRTAP has several attributes that would be virtually impossible to put in place if we were to start now CLRTAP has several attributes that would be virtually impossible to put in place if we were to start now It is therefore essential that we recognise this and not throw away this advantage that we start from It is therefore essential that we recognise this and not throw away this advantage that we start from Defra Defra

What are CLRTAP’s strengths? the only significant instrument to deal successfully with multiple pollutants and multiple effects simultaneously the only significant instrument to deal successfully with multiple pollutants and multiple effects simultaneously a strong ‘in-house’ scientific capability, closely related to policy a strong ‘in-house’ scientific capability, closely related to policy the only international agreement dealing with oxidised and reduced nitrogen the only international agreement dealing with oxidised and reduced nitrogen wide geographic coverage including major players in the northern hemisphere (EU, Russia, US, Canada, EECCA) wide geographic coverage including major players in the northern hemisphere (EU, Russia, US, Canada, EECCA) handle pollution problems on all spatial scales handle pollution problems on all spatial scales a world-wide reputation as an example of excellence in international atmospheric pollution instruments a world-wide reputation as an example of excellence in international atmospheric pollution instruments Defra Defra

Synergies with Climate Change and Energy Policies These provide a great opportunity for significant further reductions in air pollution-even in the developed world These provide a great opportunity for significant further reductions in air pollution-even in the developed world Energy futures will be shaped by climate change concerns – in the absence of any geopolitical or economic shocks Energy futures will be shaped by climate change concerns – in the absence of any geopolitical or economic shocks But the related impacts on air pollution issues will need to be recognised, quantified and managed from a position of knowledge- scientific, technological, economic and social in a way that has not been achieved before But the related impacts on air pollution issues will need to be recognised, quantified and managed from a position of knowledge- scientific, technological, economic and social in a way that has not been achieved before Defra Defra

The Future – some drivers ‘Pure’ air pollution policies will be increasingly difficult to justify ‘Pure’ air pollution policies will be increasingly difficult to justify Air pollution policies will need to be increasingly co-ordinated with those addressing climate change and sustainable development, and shaped by energy futures Air pollution policies will need to be increasingly co-ordinated with those addressing climate change and sustainable development, and shaped by energy futures The priorities for CLRTAP have changed and the Convention needs to reflect this – acid rain in Europe is essentially solved – some changes have been made but more may need to be done: can we redirect the resources? In the scientific work? The priorities for CLRTAP have changed and the Convention needs to reflect this – acid rain in Europe is essentially solved – some changes have been made but more may need to be done: can we redirect the resources? In the scientific work? The global dimension will be increasingly important-for science and policy The global dimension will be increasingly important-for science and policy Defra Defra

The Future Revision of the Gothenburg Protocol-how will this proceed? Revision of the Gothenburg Protocol-how will this proceed? One component similar to the revised NECD could be an ‘incremental’ revision, setting ceilings for, say, 2020, with reductions of the order of ~0-10% or thereabouts beyond Gothenburg I, and maintaining the geographical coverage of CLRTAP One component similar to the revised NECD could be an ‘incremental’ revision, setting ceilings for, say, 2020, with reductions of the order of ~0-10% or thereabouts beyond Gothenburg I, and maintaining the geographical coverage of CLRTAP A further imaginative step however could be to set aspirational ceilings for air pollutants for ~2050 related to a ~60% reduction in GHGs-if reductions in carbon of that order are aspired to, then there could be major reductions in air pollutants A further imaginative step however could be to set aspirational ceilings for air pollutants for ~2050 related to a ~60% reduction in GHGs-if reductions in carbon of that order are aspired to, then there could be major reductions in air pollutants Should CLRTAP play a stronger role in stimulating Global Nitrogen Management? Should CLRTAP play a stronger role in stimulating Global Nitrogen Management? Defra Defra

The Future Outreach – this is proceeding already and is gaining momentum Outreach – this is proceeding already and is gaining momentum Transfer of experience in CLRTAP to other regions is successful and is building on the work of the Global Atmospheric Forum Transfer of experience in CLRTAP to other regions is successful and is building on the work of the Global Atmospheric Forum To continue the momentum this co-operative work, informed by further scientific work and the findings of the TFHTAP, will need to generate policy interest in the longer term To continue the momentum this co-operative work, informed by further scientific work and the findings of the TFHTAP, will need to generate policy interest in the longer term Opening the Convention is one promising route Opening the Convention is one promising route But momentum is also developing on the wider aspects of International Environmental Governance – what role will CLRTAP play in this? But momentum is also developing on the wider aspects of International Environmental Governance – what role will CLRTAP play in this? Defra Defra

Step by Step Process 1. Framework agreement 1. Framework agreement 2. Substantive Protocols 2. Substantive Protocols 3. Science basis 3. Science basis 4. Reliable monitoring 4. Reliable monitoring 5. Implementation(technical options) 5. Implementation(technical options) 6. Institutionalised cooperation 6. Institutionalised cooperation 7. Increasing ambition levels 7. Increasing ambition levels 8. Review 8. Review