PIA 2501 Development Policy and Management Week Eight

And Satire is Still Important Capital Steps- They put the Mock in Democracy Capital Steps- They put the Mock in Democracy

Governance Themes Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories Samuel Huntington Monte Palmer Jorge Luis Borges V.S. Naipaul Michela Wrong

Susan George, Born in 1934 Born in Akron Ohio and lives in a Chateau in France

Michael Edwards Ford Foundation Senior Executive and Advocate for NGOs and Development

Louis A. Picard (Born in 1943) Still Alive Somewhere

This Week’s Readings Susan George, “A Fate Worse than Debt” Chapters 1 and 2 Edwards, Chapters 1-4 Picard, “Socialism and the Field Administrator”

Prologue- World Bank Mission Local Governance and Civil Society in Guinea Conakry (Stakeholder Analysis- March, 2006) A Collapsed State Creation of a Poverty Alleviation Fund- includes Micro-Credit Design Capacity for Service Delivery Need for Predictable Governance and stable Civil Society

Local Government and the Local State Local State (Local level national authority- Deconcentration) vs. Local Government Functional vs. Territorial Control Devolution Urban vs. Rural Urban linked with Rural

Development Themes Gender and Development vs. Women in Development- A and an International Development vs. a Democracy and Governance issue Isabel Allende Sue Ellen Charlton Kathleen Staudt

The Primary Unit of Government Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats English/American Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban) Continental European Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

Swedish Local Government Organizations

Deconcentration Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated Prefectoral unintegrated

French Prefect

Control Systems InteriorLocal Govt.Public WorksAgricultureEducationLabor Council/Chief Prefectoral - Integrated District Office District Labor Office District Ed. Office District Ag. Office Public Works Office

Control Systems Local Govt. Council/ Chief Prefectoral - Unintegrated Police InteriorLabor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office District Office

Control Systems Home AffairsLocal Govt. Council Labor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office Functional

III. Civil Society and Governance Civil Society: Definition Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

Grassroots Organizations Civic Education Land Rural Industries Rural Credit Governance / Democracy Communication and Support NGOs Women’s Focused Groups Target Group Decentralization and Civil Society: A Grassroots Perspective (Reprise)

State Societal Linkages Central State - Macro Civil Society - Micro WeakStrong State-mezzo WeakStrong Mono-State…... INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place. …..Local State SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT WeakStrong

The Principle

The Goal Learning Process Model--“incrementalism“- theoretical alternatie Bottom up and interactive Village development committees vs. local planning officers Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage of local level minor networks Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

Potential Development Themes Potential areas of development include infrastructure improvement, agricultural productivity, pasture improvement, value adding (product processing), postharvest technology and irrigation system improvement. At the Grassroots

Civil Society Definition: Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests "Beyond the family but short of the state” - Hegal "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship” - First vs. Second and Third generation

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Community Dynamics

Civil Society--Review Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests

The Focus of the Week ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF NGOs

Tie Ins to NGOs and Civil Society 1. The Failed State 2. Decentralized Governance 3. Reconceptualization of Governance 4. Human Rights

“Socio-economic Status and Seniority in the New Jersey Brigade” 1775

Tie ins to NGOs 5. Development Promotion 6. Micro-Credit 7. Nature of the Beast

GOVERNANCE ISSUES IMPACT NGO WORK THE TIE IN-1- Failure of the State System

The Hard State

Political Cartoon Remembering the 1960s (Hard vs. Soft States)

TIE IN-2 NGOs and Civil Society Tie into Decentralized Governance

Civil Society as a Dependent Variable

State Societal Linkages: Redux Central State - Macro Civil Society - Micro WeakStrong State-WeakStrong Mono-State…... INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place. …..Local State SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT WeakStrong Mezzo-Intermediate

Tie In-3

Tamil Protests and Sri Lanka’s Political Future

World Ethnic Divisions

Civil Society Structures-1 NGOs, CBOs, (Community Based Orgs.) PVOs (Private Voluntary Organizations: Who do they represent? Grassroots, interests, not for profits (neutrality) Groups- Role of ethnicity, religion and class, vs. individual rights

Governance Themes Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations and Chaos Theories Samuel Huntington Monte Palmer Jorge Luis Borges V.S. Naipaul Michela Wrong

Civil Society Structures-2 Privatization as an NGO issue (Compete with Private Sector Corporatism vs. Clientelism (NGOs vulnerable) Organic VS. Individualist nature of society (Vincent Ostrom) (Civil Society sometimes seen as collectivist) Establishing the rule of law Roman vs. Common Law What is the role of the individual

The Roman Empire

Tie In- 4- Human Rights Issues Review Civil Society and Human Rights "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship" (Anonymous) Issue: First vs. Second and Third generation Human Rights and Civil Society

Sometimes a Great Notion

Origins- Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster War, Drought, Agricultural Failure Focus on Rural Development Human Rights Focus on Governance

Tie In 5: Rural Development Promotion

Andrew Carnegie championed the idea of strategic philanthropy: he thought it was better to give people a fishing rod than a fish.

Types of “Development” NGOs Grassroots associations (local or village based) Advocacy groups Public Service Contractors

Types of “Development” NGOs Philanthropy vs. Charity Relief and Welfare Societies Public Service Contractors Populist based development agencies (national)

Micro-Credit Project in Ethiopia

Goods for Good- A Malawi Based Organization (BUT?)

Tie In-6: The Popularity of Micro-credit Grameen Bank Nobel Prize for Peace (2006) Micro-credit: The New Orthodoxy The Concept and the Controversy Links to Traditional Savings Banks Ann Dunham- Micro-credit specialistAnn Dunham- Micro-credit specialist VIDEO

Micro-Credit is currently quite popular

Ten Minute Break

NGOs- THE NATURE OF THE BEAST NGOs?

Tie in 7- NGOs--The Nature of the Beast Non-Profits vs. For Profits Not for Profits- More value directed Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs) Community Based Organizations (CBOs) Foundations

NGOs-The Nature of the Beast-2 Civic Associations (Civics) Interest Groups Quangos Trade Unions Religious Organizations

Northern Pakistan

Care Catholic Relief Services Save the Children Amnesty International Oxfam International NGOs-

Five Caveats: NGOs Usually excludes “for profits” Issue of contractors- both for profits and non-profits Includes both International and Local Internationals are not universally loved

Not Universally Loved

Five Caveats, Cont. Very often internationals are religious or charity based Focus has been primarily on relief rather than development or civil society goals

Indigenous NGOs

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster NGOs--Areas of Perceived Advantage Cost-effective Small but efficient Innovative Staff loyalty and commitment

One View

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster NGOs--Perceived Advantage Ideologically compatible with Development values Links with poor Image of populism

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Lack of local legitimacy Donor driven Inefficiency

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Amateurism Leadership and continuity problems Staffing problems Self-serving-own objectives Faith Based

Annual Meeting of World Association of Non- Governmental Organizations (WANGO)

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Fixation on projects Problems of replication Lack of perceived accountability Learning problems/lack of institutional memory

NGOs and Projects

Natural Disaster: Humanitarian Assistance and Human-Made Disaster International NGOs—Weaknesses Tensions with government institutions Politically threatening Ties with existing local elites Inability of humanitarian organizations to transfer to new development orientation

Interview Deborah Scroggins VIDEO Born in 1961 in Atlanta Georgia, and worked for Atlanta Journal-Constitution

Books of the Week Scroggins, Emma’s War Janine Wedel, Collision and Collusion (Prof. of Public Policy at George Mason University, Northern Virginia