University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 1 of 20 CSA4080: Adaptive Hypertext Systems II Dr. Christopher Staff Department of Computer Science & AI University of Malta Topic 1: Introduction

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 2 of 20 Aims and Objectives Course outline Method of examination Scope of AHS - reminder! Hypertext timeline Diff between generic and ITS-based AHS

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 3 of 20 Course Outline Topic 1: Introduction Topic 2:User-Adaptive Systems Topic 3:Hypertext Topic 4:User Modelling Topic 5:Recommendation Techniques Topic 6:Information and Knowledge Representation

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 4 of 20 Course Outline Topic 7: Adaptation Techniques Topic 8:Evaluation Methods Topic 9:Adaptive Web (tentative)

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 5 of 20 Method of Examination Unseen paper only!

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 6 of 20 Definition “[B]y adaptive hypermedia we mean all hypertext and hypermedia systems which reflect some features of the user in the user model and apply this model to adapt various visible aspects of the system to the user” Brusilovsky, P. (1996). Methods and techniques of adaptive hypermedia, in User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 6 (2-3), pp Available on-line at: / UMUAI.pdfhttp://

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 7 of 20 Hypertext Timeline What is hypertext? –“non-sequential writing--text that branches and allows choices to the reader” Ted Nelson, Literary Machines, Edition –“Hypertext is text which is not constrained to be linear. Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts.”

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 8 of 20 Hypertext Timeline 1945: Vannevar Bush, Memex 1965: Ted Nelson, coins term “Hypertext” p84-nelson.pdf 1967: Ted Nelson, Xanadu 1967: Andy van Dam, HES and FRESS 1968: Doug Engelbart, NLS 1975: CMU: ZOG/KMS Balasubramian94state.pdf

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 9 of 20 Hypertext Timeline 1985: Brown Uni, Intermedia 1986: Peter Brown, OWL/Guide 1987: Apple Inc., HyperCard 1987: ACM, First major Conf. on Hypertext 1990: NIST, Dexter, HAM, etc. 1991: Tim Berners-Lee, WWW 1993: NCSA, Mosaic

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 10 of 20 Adaptive Hypertext Timeline 1990: HypAdapter, Böcker et al 1990: Lisp-Critic, Fischer et al 1992: Manuel Excel, de La Passardiere & Dufresne 1993: ITEM/PG: Brusilovsky et al 1993: HYPERFLEX: Kaplan et al 1994: 1st Workshop on AH UMUAI.pdf, brusilovsky2001.pdf

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 11 of 20 Adaptive Hypertext Timeline 1994: MetaDoc, Boyle & Encarnacion 1994: Adaptive Hyperman, Mathé & Chen 1994: KN-AHS, Kobsa et al 1995: Webwatcher, Armstrong et al 1995: Letizia, Lieberman 1996: Special issue of UMUAI on AH 1996: Syskill & Webert, Pazzani et al

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 12 of 20 Adaptive Hypertext Timeline 1996: Personal WebWatcher, Mladenic 1997: ELM-ART, Weber & Specht 1998: Interbook, Brusilovsky et al 1998: AHA!, De Bra & Calvi 1999: ART-Web, Weber 2000: First major conference on AH, Italy

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 13 of 20 Current and Future Work I stopped Hypertext timeline at launch of the graphical Web, and AH timeline in 2000 with first major AH conference Much of the intervening and current hypertext and AH research is concerned with making the Web a better hypertext to use! Semantic Web and Adaptive Web

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 14 of 20 Generic & ITS-based AHSs AHS has its roots mainly in ITS and UM –Predominantly domain specific –Information space typically designed and created by collaborating educationalists –Consistency –Known dependency between educational items

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 15 of 20 Generic & ITS-based AHSs AHS has its roots mainly in ITS and UM –User generally interviewed to determine skill level –User has known or determinable goals –System drives the interaction as tutor System decides what user should see next

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 16 of 20 Generic & ITS-based AHSs Another direction for AHS is from Information Retrieval Aim is to assist users navigating through arbitrary information spaces Bringing relevant information “closer” Uses links as a mechanism for navigation

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 17 of 20 Generic & ITS-based AHSs Characteristics of IR-based AHS –Many non-collaborating authors –Heterogeneous information space –Inconsistency –Links may provide clues about relationship between information items –Inexact or unknown user goals –User determines what to see next System attempts to guide user to relevant documents

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 18 of 20 Generic & ITS-based AHSs Generic Architecture

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 19 of 20 Generic & ITS-based AHSs ITS-based architecture

University of Malta CSA4080: Topic 1 © Chris Staff 20 of 20 Conclusion Reminded everyone what AHSs are! Looked at a timeline of hypertext & Adaptive Hypertext Looked at main differences between generic and ITS-based AHSs