Migration

 Emigration - leaving one's country or region (of birth) to settle in another permanently  Emigrants are the ones who consider the push factors when wanting to leave their native land  Ireland Ireland

PUSH FACTORS- reasons to leave  Not enough jobs  Few opportunities  "Primitive" conditions  Political fear  Poor medical care  Not being able to practice religion  Loss of wealth  Natural Disasters  Death threats  Slavery  Pollution  Poor housing  Poor chances of finding courtship

 Immigration – is the permanent movement of people into a region, territory or nation.  Immigration Debate Immigration Debate

 Immigrant – is a person who moves to a new country with the intention of settling there --> pull factors help make decision  Benefits Benefits

PULL FACTORS - reasons to move to a country  Better medical care  Security  Family links  Better chances of finding courtship  Job opportunities  Better living conditions  Political and/or religious freedom  Enjoyment  Education

 Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people.  Migration Migration

 Human migration denotes any movement by humans from one area to another (local, regional, national, international)

 On avg. 2 million people move from 1 country to another per year  According to IOM (International Organization for Migrants) there are 214 million international migrants worldwide (equivalent to the world’s 5th largest country - Brazil)  Migrants represent 3.1 of global population (1 in 33 is a migrant) Migration Trends

 Women account for 49% of all migrants  remittances account for 440 billion worldwide --> 325 billion went to developing countries  million unauthorized migrants (illegal) worldwide (rep % of migrant population)  27.5 million displace persons in ~ 52 countries as a result of conflict  15.4 million refugees Migration Trends

 Asian immigrants has  from 28.1 million in 1970 to 43.8 million in 2000  During same period Asia’s share of global migrant stock  from 34.5% to 25%  Africa  in its share of international migrants from 12% in 190 to 9% in 2000  Latin America & Caribbean  from 7.1% to 3.4% Global Trends

 Europe  22.9 to 18.7%  Oceania  3.7% to 3.3  North America  in immigrant population from 15.9% in 1970 to 23.3%  USSR  from 3.8% to 16.8% (redefinition of border not actual movement of people)  75% of all international migrants are in 28 countries Global Trends

1. Voluntary 2. Involuntary 3. Ecological 4. Illegal Types of Migration

 decision to move - own free will  Ex. people: looking for better jobs, trying to unit a family or for studying purposes  Economic migration --> from poor to reach countries --> eg. For every American worker who moves to Mexico 6 Mexican workers move to the US VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

 European expansion to temperate areas such as United States, Canada, and Australia in times of prosperity and opportunity --> colonization  Ontario residents moving to British Columbia for a perceived more relaxed way of life and climate VOLUNTARY MIGRAITON

 SEASONAL MIGRATION – movement of people from their home, from a definite or temporary period of time, for employment or recreation.  retired Canadians relocating to Florida for the winter months

 students studying abroad  migrant workers from the Mexico & Caribbean working on Canadian farms during the summer Crab workersCrab workers  young people working at ski resorts like Whistler.

 TEMPORARY MIGRATION – a short term movement of people reacting to a stressor or perceived stressor in their lives.  Examples include: Afghan refugees fleeing Kabul or Kandahar  Hong Kong residents leaving the country in anticipation of political change in 1999.

 movement of people against their will  Ex. slavery to fulfill European objectives, late nineteenth-century labor movements from China and India to European-controlled plantations  ethnic cleansing occurred during the post-1938 movement of Jewish population in areas controlled by the Nazi Germany populations  Human TraffickingTrafficking INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

 Movement due to deterioration of natural environment ( > 60 million people forced to move due to deterioration of land)  War, persecution, human rights abuses  > 50 million refugees and displaced persons INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION

REFUGEES

ORIGIN OF REFUGEES

Involves movement of people because something they depend upon for life disappears or moves out of their environment Ex. degrading soil, disappearing vegetation, drought, rising sea levels, natural disasters EARTHQUAKE IN ITALY ECOLOGICAL MIGRATION

 Movement of people without approval of immigration laws  People want to improve economic opportunities and from the desire of a country to limit access (illegal immigration exists only if there are laws to prevent migration)  Mexico/US Mexico/US ILLEGAL MIGRAITON

For example, migrants from China have tried to enter Canada illegally - some hidden in hulls of decaying cargo ships Mexicans have avoided border patrols and illegally entered the southern U.S. (6-12 million illegal aliens in U.S. from Mexico) People from Bangladesh have crossed the border into India for better standard of living GreeceGreece EuropeEurope ILLEGAL MIGRATION

Most migrants move from developing countries to developed countries (better standard of living) Most migrants migrate to cities (50 million have already moved from rural areas to cities 1.5 million people migrate to world’s largest cities each year Trends in Migration

1. Developing countries --> movement is from within the country (rural to urban) or from other periphery or near core countries --> these countries attract few migrants from developed world How does Migration Shape/Influence a city

Developed countries: attract migrants from other countries (most of rural to urban migration has already occurred) migration to Developed countries comes from both developed and developing countries

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city migrants from developing countries are usually the rich, educated, and skilled (Brain Drain) migrants from developing countries that are not well off are refugees (refugees can come from any socio- economic group)

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city Developing countries --> large # of migrants put a strain of services (health, sanitation, housing), may cause increase in unemployment, crime, overcrowding, etc. Developed countries --> influence of different cultures influence the character of a city - restaurants, stores, places of worship, clubs, etc.

How does Migration Shape/Influence a city older areas of city (inner city) become new homes for new immigrants (ghetto enclave) i.e. James Street North in Hamilton --> home to Italians, Portuguese, Asians

Migration has had a significant effect on world geography  It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures  It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication.

 changes in population distribution  demographic consequences: migrants are mostly young and in productive age --> what is the impact  demographic crisis – population ageing  economic results - which are of the greatest importance for the development of the countries