Democratizing Freedom Focus Question: How did equality become a stronger component of American freedom after the Revolution?

Democratizing Freedom The Dream of Equality Revolution allows space for political and social struggle Liberty allowed attacks on political institutions Notion of equality Minorities question authority

Abigail Adams, a portrait by Gilbert Stuart Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Abigail Adams, a portrait by Gilbert Stuart

Democratizing Freedom Expanding the Political Nation Democracy Direct rule, a mixed constitution, or government for the people Members of all classes debate universal suffrage, religious toleration and the issue of slavery

Democratizing Freedom The Revolution in Pennsylvania Pro-independence forces question property qualification New constitution Abolished governor Legislature elected by men over the age of 21 Had to pay taxes

John Dickinson’s copy of the Pennsylvania constitution of 1776 Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Democratizing Freedom The New Constitutions New governments should reflect division of society Upper house – wealthy Lower house – ordinary Powerful governor and judiciary Checks and balances

Democratizing Freedom The Right to Vote Limitation on voting Based on property ownership Thomas Paine – eliminate traditional social ranks Most constitutions – voting becomes a privilege Virginia/South Carolina least democratic

Democratizing Freedom Democratizing Government 1780s – large majority of white males met voting requirements Except Maryland, New York, and Virginia New Jersey All property owners allowed to vote

Toward Religious Toleration Focus Question: How did the expansion of religious liberty after the Revolution reflect the new American ideal of freedom?

Toward Religious Toleration Catholic Americans Anti-Catholicism weakened by Revolution Second Continental Congress invites Quebec to join revolution Alliance with France

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A 1771 image of New York City

Toward Religious Toleration The Founders and Religion Revolution challenged privileges of the Anglican Church Revolutionary leader wanted to avoid religious-driven conflict

Toward Religious Toleration Separating Church and State Protect religion from the corruption of government Deprived establish churches from public funding and special privileges Religious toleration not universal New York – barred Jews from office holding 7 states limited office holding to Protestants

Toward Religious Toleration Jefferson and Religious Liberty “Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom” Eliminated religious requirements for voting and office holding Eliminated government financial support Drew line between public authority and private sphere

A draft of Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Establishing Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company A draft of Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom

In Side of the Old Lutheran Church in 1800, York, Pa. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company In Side of the Old Lutheran Church in 1800, York, Pa.

Toward Religious Toleration The Revolution and the Churches Challenge to religious authority Moravians – conducting their own affairs, like arranging marriages Allowing the growth of different denominations Growing influence of religion on American society

Toward Religious Toleration Christian Republicanism Religious values reinforced the morality required for a republic to thrive Some states bar non-Christians from political office Promoting of free public schools Preparation for civic life

Defining Economic Freedom Focus Question: How did the definition of economic freedom change after the Revolution, and who benefited from the changes?

Defining Economic Freedom Toward Free Labor Disappearance of indentured servitude By 1800 Northern economy – “free labor” Southern economy – slave labor

Defining Economic Freedom The Soul of a Republic Republic could not survive with large number of dependent citizens Landownership key for republican future Abundance of land ensures republican liberty and social equality

View from Bushongo Tavern Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Defining Economic Freedom The Politics of Inflation Conflict between state and national government Increased inflation Printing of hundreds of millions of dollar Disruption of agriculture and trade Hoarding by merchants

Discontent with Rising Prices, 1777 Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

Defining Economic Freedom The Debate over Free Trade Different opinions Republican government should promote public good not self-interest Prosperity flowed from economic self-interest Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations The “invisible hand”

The Limits of Liberty Focus Question: How did the Revolution diminish the freedoms of both Loyalists and Native Americans?

The Limits of Liberty Colonial Loyalists Maintained allegiance to the British crown Lost their liberties 20-25 % of free Americans were Loyalists 20,000 fought for the British Represented in every colony

Map 6.1 Loyalism in the American Revolution Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Map 6.1 Loyalism in the American Revolution

The Limits of Liberty The Loyalists’ Plight Revolution became civil war in some areas States required pledge of allegiance Confiscation of property and loss of voting rights 100,000 Loyalist exiled or left voluntarily

A 1780 British cartoon commenting on the “cruel fate” of American Loyalists. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The Limits of Liberty The Indians’ Revolution Revolution resulted in loss of freedom Settlers moved westward Different tribes backed the British or Americans Iroquois Confederation split over the war

The Limits of Liberty White Freedom, Indian Freedom Thomas Jefferson supported the securing of more land Liberty = land for white settlers Indians wanted their own freedom Independence and possession of their own land

Slavery and the Revolution Focus Question: What was the impact of the Revolution on slavery?

Slavery and the Revolution The Language of Slavery and Freedom Slavery and liberty most used terms in political writings 1/5 of population were slaves Slavery – primarily political in its meaning Used by slave owners who fought the British

Slavery and the Revolution Obstacles to Abolition All founding fathers owned slaves Slavery of blacks enabled freedom for whites Self-government and protection of property Prevented interference with human property Government interference with slave property would make slaves of them

Slavery and the Revolution Petitions for Freedom Slaves used language of revolutionaries to petition for their own freedom 1770s – slaves in New England petitioned for their freedom in court War offered opportunity to escape slavery

A 1775 notice in The Massachusetts Spy reporting a resolution of the Committees of Correspondence of Worcester County that advocated the abolition of slavery. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Slavery and the Revolution British Emancipators Slaves gained freedom by siding with British British generals granted freedom for enlistment 100,000 slaves escaped to British lines Many emigrated to England and Canada 20,000 were returned to their owner

Slavery and the Revolution Voluntary Emancipations Most state discouraged or banned importation of African slaves 1780s – a significant number of slaveholders emancipated their slaves Virginia and Maryland

Slavery and the Revolution Abolition in the North 1777-1804 Every state north of Maryland moved toward emancipation Gradual emancipation Slave not free, only children of slave mothers after reaching adulthood

Slavery and the Revolution Free Black Communities Established in all states Free men could vote after meeting taxpaying or property requirements Except Maryland, Georgia and South Carolina Growing division between slave and free states

Daughters of Liberty Focus Question: How did the Revolution affect the status of women?

Daughters of Liberty Revolutionary Women Worked as spies and produced goods for the army Ladies Associations Raised funds for soldiers Abigail Adams “Remember the Ladies”

Daughters of Liberty Gender and Politics Tradition gender relationship remained Husband legal authority over body, property and choices of their wives Marriage contract more important than social contract Women’s role viewed in terms of duty and oligation

Keep Within Compass Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company Keep Within Compass

Daughters of Liberty Republican Motherhood Women had responsibility to train future citizens Morality developed within household and family No active participation in politics Expansion of education for women

Daughters of Liberty The Arduous Struggle for Liberty Expansion of rights for white males Expansions of the right to vote Decline of bound labor for white Greater freedom for religious groups Indians, Loyalists, and slaves Revolution resulted in loss of freedom

America Triumphant and Britannia in Distress Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company America Triumphant and Britannia in Distress

Review Democratizing Freedom Toward Religious Toleration Focus Question: How did equality become a stronger component of American freedom after the Revolution? Toward Religious Toleration Focus Question: How did the expansion of religious liberty after the Revolution reflect the new American ideal of freedom? Defining Economic Freedom Focus Question: How did the definition of economic freedom change after the Revolution, and who benefited from the changes?

Review The Limits of Liberty Slavery and the Revolution Focus Question: How did the Revolution diminish the freedoms of both Loyalists and Native Americans? Slavery and the Revolution Focus Question: What was the impact of the Revolution on slavery? Daughters of Liberty Focus Question: How did the Revolution affect the status of women?