Democracy or Polyarchy Robert Dahl

Polyarchy according to Dahl Democracy is the ideal point where the Polyarchy will get A government should be responsive to the preferences of the citizens as political equals Contestation and universal suffrage (inclusion)

Polyarchy, between inclusion and contestation England – restricted inclusion, but highly developed contestation Switzerland – restricted inclusion, but highly developed contestation USSR – highly developed inclusion, but no contestation

Citizens must be able to: For a government to continue for a period of time to be responsive to the preferences of its citizens Citizens must be able to: Formulate their preferences Signify their preferences Have their preferences weighted equally in conduct of the government

Eight required institutions Freedom of association Freedom of speech Free and fair elections The right for the leaders for political campaigning The right to run for the election Multiple sources of information Checks and balances

Linz and Stepan: Regime Typologies

Regimes are categorized based on 1- pluralism 2- ideology 3- mobilization 4- leadership

Five regime types Democracy Authoritarianism Totalitarianism Post-totalitarianism Sultanisms

See Page 44 table 3.1

Regime change (56-58) Death Internal erosion of the cadres ideological beliefs The incremental pluralization of the society Foreign interventions Military coups Pacts between the opposition and the management Revolutions Forced change Conditionality