PUBLIC SPEAKING “I’ll pay more for a person’s ability to speak and express himself than for any other quality he might possess.” -- Charles M. Schwab

Why Study Public Speaking? Empowerment Achieves desired goals “Advantage” over competition Shows confidence Shows conviction Image from: www.speakforprofit.com/images/Speaker_Life.jpg

Why Study Public Speaking? Corporations want skilled speakers: To adapt information To be organized, and To keep listeners interested Communication: top skill sought by employers

How does Public Speaking differ from conversation? Public Speaking is planned: More practice More preparation More research

Public Speaking is formal: Less slang & casual language More physical distance between speaker and audience More controlled gestures and movements Image from: www.ehow.com/how_4613845_master-art-public-speaking

the speaker and audience roles are clearly defined: In Public Speaking, the speaker and audience roles are clearly defined: Expectations well-established Behaviors stable Speaker and audience follow rules more Image from: Moore, Mike. www.speakforprofit.com/images/spkertoon_know_

Communication is a process Of Action Of Interaction Of Transaction

The Communication Process Communication as ACTION One-way messages (linear) The Speaker is the SOURCE The Message is the SPEECH The Channel is how the message is transmitted = visually & auditory The Receiver is the AUDIENCE Noise: Anything the INTERFERES External--actual noise Internal--internal distractions within listeners

Model of Communication Jacobson, Susan. unix.temple.edu/~susanj/jou55/model.jpg

Communication as Interaction The speaker sends the message and the receiver gives feedback. Speakers & audiences are affected by the Context -- the environment or situation in which the speech is given. Image by padmanegara, http://media.photobucket.com/image/%252522model%20of%20communication%252522/padmanegara/4.jpg

The Communication Process Communication as Transaction Communication happens simultaneously Speakers & audience constantly send and receive verbal & nonverbal messages. Source Receiver Receiver Source

The Birth of Public speaking 4th Century B.C. The “Golden Age” of Rhetoric Plato’s writings influence the development of Western philosophy & culture. Plato & Socrates developed the Socratic method. Artistotle formulated guidelines for speakers that we still follow today. Rhetoric: use of words and symbols to achieve a goal.

15th Century Public speaking used mostly by clergy. Image from: flavmarg.blogspot.com/2007/01/martin-luther.html

18th Century Public Speaking used by American patriots to promote independence.

19th Century Public Speaking played a role in abolition and suffrage movements.

20th Century Television becomes a force in public speaking. War & civil rights issues. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2qvyh_enemy-image-3-of-5_news

Public Speaking & Diversity Different audiences have different expectations. Speakers must adapt to audiences. Audience-centeredness is key. Image by Park, from CartoonStock.com

Improving Your Confidence Nervousness is normal. Public speaking is number one in highest anxiety. Image from: Smale, Laurie. www.panicfreepublicspeaking.com.au/images/hom...

Understanding Your Nervousness Brain triggers body Communication apprehension (CA): fear of speaking Image from: i.ehow.com/.../publicspeaking-main_Full.jpg

Build Your Confidence Before your speech: Don’t delay preparing. Learn as much as you can about your audience. Pick a comfortable and familiar topic. Rehearse your speech. Present a structured speech.

Other Advice Be familiar with introduction and conclusion. Simulate actual speech conditions. Breathe deeply. Think and act calm. Picture positive outcomes. Reassure yourself mentally (with a pep talk).

Finally During the speech: Focus on content, not fears. Look for supportive audience members. After the speech: Reflect on positives. Seek other speaking opportunities.

Work Cited Material adapted from Instructor’s Classroom Kit for: Beebe, Steven A. and Susan J. Beebe. Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach, Custom Edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2009.