PowerPoint Presentations for Technology By R. Thomas Wright The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois www.g-w.com © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Technological System Components Section 2 Technological System Components © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Technological Processes Chapter 5 Technological Processes © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Learning Objectives Describe the three major types of technological processes and their relationships to one another. Identify the steps used in the problem-solving/design process. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Learning Objectives Explain the major production steps used in the agricultural and related biotechnological, communication and information, construction, energy and power, manufacturing, medical, and transportation processes. Identify the steps involved in management processes. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Processes Processes are used to: Design. Grow. Produce. Treat. Convert and apply. Communicate. Transport. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Technological Processes Problem-solving/ design processes. Systematic, iterative, and creative process. Seven production processes. Management processes. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Identifying the Problem or Opportunity Define the problem or opportunity. Include criteria and constraints regarding appearance, operations, manufacturing, marketing, and finances. Criteria focus on purpose and environmental, political, ethical, and social problems that may arise. Constraints deal with size and cost. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Developing Multiple Solutions Ideation and brainstorming in teams. Done to check and critique, redefine and improve the many solutions. Designers draw rough sketches in this stage. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Isolating, Refining, and Detailing Using the criteria and constraints, the various solutions are examined to choose the best. The final product must be safe, efficient, and functional. Specifications and general characteristics are then established. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Model and Evaluate Models can be created on computers or made physically, as this airplane model in a wind tunnel. (DaimlerChrysler) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Communicating the Final Solution Designers develop: Detailed drawings with size, shape, and component arrangement. Material lists, or a bill of materials. Written and oral reports to gain approval to move on to production. A specified solution is then ready for production. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Production Processes Production processes grow and harvest crops, construct structures, and generate communication messages. Each of the technological systems has its own unique production processes. These processes move the solutions described by the design process into tangible solutions. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Agricultural and Biotechnological Processes Farming or agriculture is the art of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising livestock. All agricultural activities involve a crop with a biological cycle of birth, growth, maturity, and death. Farming, fishing, and forestry are three common agricultural activities. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Agricultural Processes Link “propagation,” “growth,” “harvesting,” “processing” to key terms. Can we add “conversion” to the figure and then link it as well? © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Communication and Information Processes Graphic communications messages are visual and have two dimensions. Books, promotional flyers, engineering drawings, and photographic communications. Telecommunications. Broadcast, hard-wired, and surveillance systems. Communication technology organizes information so people can receive it. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Communication Technologies Links from “encoding,” “transmitting,” “receiving,” “decoding,” and “storing/ retrieving” to key terms. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Discussion How have advances in communication technology changed our lives? © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Constructed Structures Two major categories: Buildings. Residential structures, like single-family homes. Commercial structures, like restaurants and offices. Industrial structures, like power plants and factories. Civil engineering structures or heavy engineering structures include communication towers, airport runways, and aqueducts. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Construction Processes Link “preparation,” “foundation,” “superstructure,” “utilities,” and “servicing” to key terms. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Energy and Power Processes Six basic forms of energy: Mechanical, chemical, radiant (light), thermal (heat), electrical, and nuclear. Transforming and applying energy includes: Gathering resources. Converting energy. Transmitting. Applying. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Resource to Energy Resources are all gathered in different ways. Conversion can be done using engines, turbines and generators, or furnaces. Transmitting the energy depends on what energy is being transmitted. The energy is then either applied, or stored. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Manufacturing Processes Create a link from “primary processing,” “secondary processing,” and “harvesting” to key terms. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Manufacturing Obtaining resources involves harvesting, mining, or drilling. Primary processing is changing material resources into industrial materials, like gathered lumber into plywood. Secondary processing involves casting and molding, forming, separating, conditioning, finishing, and assembling. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Medical Processes Prevention. Diagnosis. Treatment. Is maintaining health. Diagnosis. Determines causes. Treatment. Healing. (Corbis) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Transportation Processes Transportation takes place on land, in water, in air, and even in space. Most transportation systems contain two major subsystems: vehicular and support systems. Vehicular systems have five systems: structure, propulsion, guidance, control, and suspension. Support systems include pathways (roads and waterways) and terminals. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Vehicular Systems Link “structure,” “propulsion,” “guidance,” “control,” and “suspension” to key terms © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Management Processes Can we enlarge the figure? Create a link from “controlling,” “planning,” “organizing,” and “actuating” to key terms. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Career Corner Production managers. Career overviews Coordinate people, materials, equipment, and processes needed to manufacture industrial and consumer products. Work more than 40 hours a week. College degrees in industrial management or business administration. Career overviews © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review What are the three major types of technological processes discussed in this chapter? Problem-solving/design, production, and management processes. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review What are the problem-solving/design processes discussed in this chapter? Identifying the problem or opportunity; developing multiple solutions to the problem or opportunity; isolating, refining, and detailing the best solution; modeling and evaluating the selected solution; communicating the final solution. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Choose two types of processes and list the major steps of each. Agriculture and biotechnological processes: Propagation, growth, harvesting, and conversion/ processing. Construction processes: Site preparation, setting the foundation, building the superstructure, installing the utilities, enclosing the superstructure, completing the structure and site, and servicing the structure. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review What are the four functions of management? Planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Actuating Assembling Buildings initiating the work related to an action plan. Assembling the manufacturing process in which materials and parts are brought together to make a finished product. Buildings structures erected to protect people, materials, and equipment from the outside environment. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Casting and molding Civil engineering structures a method of shaping parts or products by pouring liquid material into a shaped cavity. Civil engineering structures structures such as bridges, airports, or highways that are designed by civil engineers. Commercial structures buildings used to conduct business. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Conditioning Constraints Control an action altering and improving the internal structure of materials. This action will change the properties of the material. Constraints the limits on a design. Control the system that makes changes in speed and direction of a vehicle possible. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Controlling Conversion/ processing Criteria the function of comparing system outputs to the goals. Conversion/ processing the final step in agricultural practices that changes a food product into a foodstuff for human use. Criteria the features a product or system must have in order to meet the expectations of the customer. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Decode Diagnosis Drilling to change coded information back into a recognizable form. Diagnosis the step in the repair process in which the cause of a problem is determined. Drilling the process of obtaining materials by pumping them through holes drilled into the earth. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Encoding Finishing the step in the communication process that involves changing a message into a format that can be transmitted. Finishing the process in which the surface of parts and products are coated or modified to protect them or make them more appealing to consumers. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Forming Foundation Graphic communications squeezing or stretching materials into a desired shape. It also includes bending, shaping, stamping, and crushing. Foundation the base of a structure. Graphic communications communications processes in which messages are visual and have two dimensions. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Growth Guidance a major step in agricultural practices that involves providing feed and water for animals or cultivating and watering crops. Guidance the system that gathers and displays information so a vehicle can be kept on course. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Harvesting Heavy engineering structures a step in agricultural practices that involves removing edible parts of plants from trees and stocks and butchering animals to produce meat and other products for consumption. It is the process of gathering genetic materials from the earth or bodies of water at the proper stage of their life cycles. Heavy engineering structures structures, such as bridges, highways, and airports, that help our economy function effectively. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Ideation Industrial structure Iterative a process in which designers create many possible answers by letting their minds create solutions. Industrial structure a building housing machines that make products, or used to store raw materials or finished products. Iterative repetitious. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Management processes Mining the actions people use to ensure that production processes operate efficiently and appropriately. These processes are also designed and used to guide and direct the design, development, production, and marketing of the technological device, service, structure, or system. Mining the process of obtaining materials from the earth through shafts or pits. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Organizing Pathways a function that involves dividing tasks into major segments and structuring a workforce so goals can be met and resources can be assigned to complete each task. Pathways the structures along which vehicles travel. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Planning Prevention the process of setting goals and developing courses of action for a company or parts of the company to reach the goals. Prevention the area of medicine that involves using knowledge, technological devices, and other means to help people maintain healthy bodies. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Primary processing Problem-solving/design process Processes the step in which material resources are converted into industrial materials. Problem-solving/design process the procedure used to develop technology that will attempt to satisfy people’s technological needs and wants. Processes the steps needed to complete a series of identifiable tasks within a system. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Production processes Propagation Propulsion the actions completed to perform the function of the technological system. Propagation a step in agricultural practices that allows a biological organism to reproduce. Propulsion the system in a vehicle that generates motion through energy conversion and transmission. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Receiving Residential structure Retrieving recognizing and accepting information. Residential structure a place where people live. Retrieving a process that allows information to be brought back. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Secondary processes Separating manufacturing processes that change industrial materials into industrial equipment and consumer products. Separating using tools to shear or machine away unwanted material. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Servicing Site preparation maintenance, repair, and reconditioning. It is the scheduled adjustment, lubrication, or cleaning required to keep a product or structure operating properly. Site preparation the step in a construction project that involves removing existing buildings, structures, brush, and trees that will interfere with locating the new structure. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Storing Structure Superstructure processes that allow information to be retained for later use. Structure the system that provides spaces for devices in vehicles. Superstructure the framework of a building or tower constructed on a foundation. It also includes the pipes for pipelines, surfaces for roads and airport runways, and tracks for railroads. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Support system Suspension Telecommunication the external operations and facilities that maintain transportation systems. Suspension the system keeping a vehicle held in or onto the transportation medium being used. Telecommunication a communication process that depends on electromagnetic waves to carry a message over a distance. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Terminals Transmitting the structures where transportation activities begin and end. They house passenger and cargo storage and loading facilities. Transmitting to send a coded message from a sender to a receiver. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Key Terms Treatment Utilities Vehicular systems the area of medicine that involves using knowledge and technological devices and applying medical procedures to fight diseases, heal injuries, or ease symptoms. Utilities the systems of a structure that provide water, electricity, heat, cooling, and communications. Vehicular systems the onboard technical systems that make a vehicle work. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.