Punishment before the ‘Bloody Code’ Death for murder, rape and stealing Death for murder, rape and stealing Fines for cheating, breaking agreements, assault Fines for cheating, breaking agreements, assault Being outlawed Being outlawed Humiliation Humiliation Whipping Whipping Stocks Stocks Pillory Pillory

Early Modern Period – when was it?

Reasons for the ‘Bloody Code’ Changing society Changing society Rising population Rising population Growing towns Growing towns Rise of business – more rich people Rise of business – more rich people Invention of printing – broadsheets full of crime stories Invention of printing – broadsheets full of crime stories The belief that the crime rate was rising The belief that the crime rate was rising Unemployment Unemployment Fear of rebellion Fear of rebellion Rich trying to control the poor Rich trying to control the poor Protecting property Protecting property Attempt to scare people and deter them from crime Attempt to scare people and deter them from crime

‘New crimes’ in the Early Modern Period Vagrants and vagabonds Vagrants and vagabonds Highwaymen Highwaymen Smugglers Smugglers Poachers Poachers

Why were there so many vagrants, vagabonds and sturdy beggars? Problems in the cloth industry Problems in the cloth industry Enclosure of land in villages Enclosure of land in villages Many people with no jobs Many people with no jobs High prices High prices End of wars – soldiers with no work End of wars – soldiers with no work Growing population – shortage of jobs and food Growing population – shortage of jobs and food No system to help the poor and sick No system to help the poor and sick Monasteries closed down Monasteries closed down

How were they dealt with? Licences and badges for sick and disabled ‘deserving poor’ Licences and badges for sick and disabled ‘deserving poor’ Vagrancy Acts Vagrancy Acts ‘sturdy beggars’ punished ‘sturdy beggars’ punished Whipped Whipped Stocks Stocks Banished from town Banished from town Forced to work Forced to work Branded Branded Houses of correction Houses of correction slavery slavery None of these measures worked None of these measures worked

Why were smugglers hard to control? No police force No police force Taxation unpopular Taxation unpopular Many people supported smugglers or gained from them Many people supported smugglers or gained from them Violent smuggling gangs, people afraid of them Violent smuggling gangs, people afraid of them Villagers did not report on smuggling to the authorities Villagers did not report on smuggling to the authorities Customs officers and government sometimes involved in smuggling Customs officers and government sometimes involved in smuggling

Why did poaching become a crime? Common shared land was being enclosed by rich farmers Common shared land was being enclosed by rich farmers They wanted to protect their property They wanted to protect their property

Why was there a big increase in highwaymen? Unemployed ex-soldiers with guns and horses Unemployed ex-soldiers with guns and horses Horses cheap to buy Horses cheap to buy Better coaches and roads Better coaches and roads More people travelling More people travelling No banks so people carried money No banks so people carried money Lots of isolated spots where robbery was easy Lots of isolated spots where robbery was easy No police force No police force

Why was there no police force? People didn’t want to pay more tax People didn’t want to pay more tax People thought it would invade their privacy People thought it would invade their privacy People thought it would not work People thought it would not work People feared it would be like an army on the streets taking away freedom People feared it would be like an army on the streets taking away freedom

What was there instead of police? Constables Constables Watchmen Watchmen Horse patrols Horse patrols Thames River Police Thames River Police Fielding brothers Fielding brothers Bow Street Runners Bow Street Runners ‘Hue and Cry’ Newspaper ‘Hue and Cry’ Newspaper

The Industrial Period – when was it?

Why did highway robbery decrease? Banks Banks Horse patrols Horse patrols More traffic on the roads More traffic on the roads Built up areas – less isolated places Built up areas – less isolated places Horses more expensive Horses more expensive More job opportunities More job opportunities

What 3 big reforms were brought in by Sir Robert Peel? Ending of the Bloody Code Ending of the Bloody Code Prison Reform 1823 Prison Reform 1823 Metropolitan Police 1829 Metropolitan Police 1829

Why was the Bloody Code ended? It was not working It was not working Crime going up Crime going up People enjoyed executions People enjoyed executions Courts did not want to convict Courts did not want to convict Other forms of punishment Other forms of punishment Transportation Transportation Prisons Prisons Changing ideas and attitudes Changing ideas and attitudes

Why did the authorities transport criminals to Australia? To scare and deter people To scare and deter people Alternative to hanging Alternative to hanging To remove criminals and protesters from society To remove criminals and protesters from society Cheap labour to build up Australia Cheap labour to build up Australia Prevent other countries from taking Australia Prevent other countries from taking Australia

Why did transportation end? Too expensive Too expensive Seen as too harsh Seen as too harsh Not a deterrent – many had a better life in Australia Not a deterrent – many had a better life in Australia Australians did not want any more convicts Australians did not want any more convicts New prisons seen as more effective New prisons seen as more effective The gold rush – many people travelled to Australia hoping to get rich The gold rush – many people travelled to Australia hoping to get rich

Why was the prison system changed? Pressure from campaigners Pressure from campaigners John Howard John Howard Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth Fry Terrible state of prisons Terrible state of prisons Crowded Crowded Female and male together Female and male together Dirty, disease ridden Dirty, disease ridden Hulks Hulks Not a punishment, only a holding place Not a punishment, only a holding place Privately run Privately run ‘schools for crime’ ‘schools for crime’ Need for an alternative to hanging and transportation Need for an alternative to hanging and transportation

What were the new prisons like? Clean, big, organised Clean, big, organised Male and female separate Male and female separate Visits by doctors and chaplains Visits by doctors and chaplains Uniforms Uniforms Officers employed by the state Officers employed by the state Separate system Separate system Silent system Silent system Useful work Useful work Pointless tasks Pointless tasks Crank Crank Picking oakum Picking oakum treadwheel treadwheel

Why was the Metropolitan Police set up? Rising crime Rising crime People willing to pay tax for better services People willing to pay tax for better services Fear of protest Fear of protest Growth of cities Growth of cities

How did policing change during the 19 th century? Police forces all over the country Police forces all over the country Detectives Detectives Growing public acceptance and popularity Growing public acceptance and popularity

Why was the crime rate going down at the end of the 19 th century? More effective policing More effective policing Better prisons Better prisons Fairer punishment system supported by most people Fairer punishment system supported by most people

The Modern Period – when was it? 1900-now 1900-now

How did technology change policing in the 20 th century? Fingerprinting Fingerprinting Radios Radios Computers Computers DNA DNA Cars and motorbikes Cars and motorbikes CCTV and speed cameras CCTV and speed cameras

In what other ways has policing changed? Community policing and Neighbourhood Watch Community policing and Neighbourhood Watch Special units Special units Drugs Drugs Anti-terrorism Anti-terrorism Transport Transport Fraud Fraud Training Training Weapons Weapons

How did prisons change in the 20 th century? Separate System ended Separate System ended Open prisons Open prisons High security prisons High security prisons No hard labour or beatings No hard labour or beatings Detention centres for the young Detention centres for the young

Why was capital punishment abolished in the 1960s? Some innocent people hanged Some innocent people hanged ‘wrong to kill’ ‘wrong to kill’ Countries without a death penalty do not have more murders Countries without a death penalty do not have more murders Juries more likely to convict if no death penalty Juries more likely to convict if no death penalty Most murders are not planned so fear of execution would not stop them Most murders are not planned so fear of execution would not stop them

What alternatives to prison have been developed? Probation Probation Community service Community service Tagging Tagging ASBOs ASBOs Drug or alcohol treatment centres (‘rehab’) Drug or alcohol treatment centres (‘rehab’)