The Ocean General Circulation (satellite). Mean Circulation in the Ocean Gulf Stream.

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Presentation transcript:

The Ocean General Circulation (satellite)

Mean Circulation in the Ocean Gulf Stream

Mean Circulation in the Ocean Gulf Stream California Current

Annual mean Salinity Map

Surface 500 meter depth Dissolved Oxygen

Gulf Stream, Plankton Bloom

Gulf Stream Spiral Eddies

Mediterranean Sea, Shear Wall Spiral Eddies

Tropical Atlantic, Spiral Eddy

Greek Island, Spiral Eddies and Wakes

Strait of Gibralter, Solitons

Eastern Pacific Internal Waves

Kelvin Waves, from Ships

Coastal Dynamics California Filaments and Phytoplankton Hawaiian Island Wakes

Learning Objectives How does the wind drive surface currents Oceanic gyres Ekman currents and transport Upwelling and Downwelling Western and Eastern Boundary currents Inertial currents Ocean wind driven circulation

Ocean is heated from above Feels both Mechanical forcing by the winds Thermal forcing from the sun Boundaries and complex geometry associated with continents and bottom topography Ocean is denser than atmosphere Tides Salinity Atmosphere has clouds and moisture Some important differences between ocean and atmosphere

How is the energy of the winds transferred to the ocean? Ekman Theory …

How does wind force propagate in the ocean? surface 100 meter depth balance between friction and rotation

1 2

Ekman Theory …and vertical advection in the ocean COASTAL UPWELLING and DOWNWELLING OPEN OCEAN EKMAN PUMPING

Figure 8.11A

Figure 8.11B

Figure 8.9

Effects of Ekman Currents

Atmosphere Ocean 30 60

Trades Westerlies Upwelling and Downwelling at continental margin Upwelling and Downwelling in the gyres Effects of Ekman Transport

Sea surface height

Major oceanic circulation systems

Figure 8.13

Surface 150 meter depth Temperature

F pressure F Coriolis 1)Particle will have the Coriolis force 90 degrees to the right 2)Particles will tend to move along line of constant pressure 3)Particles will have the high pressure on their right (same as Coriolis) Some practical rules to remember: High Pressure Low Pressure Applies to the Ocean same as Atmosphere!

Inertia Currents Balance between Acceleration, Coriolis and Friction.

End of lecture