Chapter 17 on TEFL Course TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Why speaking ? Mostly language learners study English in order to develop proficiency in speaking. We use speaking to describe things, to complain about people’s behavior, to make polite requests, or to express opinions, to persuade someone about something, or to clarify information. Speaking is one of productive skills which willy-nilly should be mastered by language learners. TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

What types of spoken language ? Interactional We normally mean by “conversation”. It describes interaction which serves primarily social function. The focus is more on the speakers and how they wish to present themselves to each other than on the message. Transactional The focus is on what is said or done. The message is the central focus here and making oneself understood clearly and accurately, rather than the participants and how they interact socially with each other. TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

What kinds of talk ? Interactional Speaking Chatting to an adjacent passenger during a plane flight (polite conversation that does not seek to develop the basis for future social contact) Chatting to a school friend over coffee (casual conversation that serves to mark an ongoing friendship) A student chatting to his or her professor while waiting for an elevator (polite conversation that reflects unequal power between the two participants) Telling a friend about an amusing weekend experience, and hearing her or him recount a similar experience he or she once had (sharing personal recounts) TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

... Kinds of talk Transactional Speaking Classroom group discussions and problem solving activities. Making a telephone call to obtain flight information. Asking someone for directions on the street. Buying something in a shop Ordering food from a menu in a restaurant. TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

The other type... Talk as performance tends to be in the form of monolog rather than dialog, often follows a recognizable format. Giving a speech of welcome Making a sales presentation Giving a lecture Addressing a religious speech Talk as Perform -ance TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Classroom speaking performance Imitative A learner, for instance, practices an intonation or a certain vowel sound. Also, s/he is offerred to listen and to orally repeat certain strings of language (drills). Intensive It is designed to practice some phonological or grammatical aspect of language. Normally, it can be self-initiated or be with some pair work activity. Responsive Meaningful and authentic speech made by teacher-and- student short responses which are not extended into dialogue. TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

... speaking performance Transac- tional It is designed to convey or to exchange specific information which is an extended form of responsive language; e.g., conversation. Interac- tional It is designed more for the purpose of maintaining social relationship than for the trasmission of facts and information Extensive It is designed for students at intermediate to advanced level. They are called to give extended monologues in the form of oral reports, summaries, or short speeches. TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Factors affecting EFL learners’ oral communication Determinant factors of success or failure in FL learning. A phenomenon which is usually called “fossilization” Age or maturation Every speaker plays a double role—as a listener and as a speaker. The better the heard, the responsive the speech. Aural medium To speak a language, one must know how the language is used in a social context. A culture sometimes contradicts the message decoded through the listening channel. Sociocultural factors Affective factors related to self-esteem, anxiety, attidude, and motivation. Speaking a FL in public, especially in front of NS is often anxiety-provoking. Affective factors TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Two goals on teaching speaking tehniques It must be flowing and natural. The technique of teaching should be “message oriented” (teaching language use) Fluency It must be clear, articulate, grammatically & phonologically correct. The technique of teaching should be “language oriented” (teaching language usage) Accuracy TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Principles for designing speaking techniques TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A. Don’t capitalize on grammatical pointers or pronunciation tips; Don’t bore your students to repetitious drills; make any drilling you do as meaningful as possible. Meaningful techniques Appeal students’ interest for what they need; help them to see how the activity will benefit them Motivating techniques

...designed techniques As a teacher you’re ‘the key’ for improving knowledge for your students; so take an advantage to your position Don’t let them having feedback outside the classroom. Provide feedback Speaking and listening are two skills coincided; Link naturally the listening skill while you’re teaching speaking since both skills can reinforce each other. Link two skills Encourage your students with the use of authentic contexts and meaningful interaction; Indeed, it takes energy and time to do and not easy; but keep coming up ! Meaningful interaction TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

...designed techniques TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A. Commonly teachers tend to speak more and students less; Give students opportu- nities to initiate conversation, to nomi- nate topics, to ask Q, to control conversation. Give students opportunity Students never think about how to develop their personal strategies in oral communication; You let students to have a chance to practice such strategies. Encouraging speaking strategies

Final words When teaching speaking, teachers allow their students to talk by interaction, by transaction, and by performance. Two goals on teaching speaking which should be taken by teachers into consideration relating with the skill; fluency and accuracy. A successful speaking class is that teachers give their students a chance to speak more, and allow them to initiate the language. When teaching speaking, teachers allow their students to talk by interaction, by transaction, and by performance. Two goals on teaching speaking which should be taken by teachers into consideration relating with the skill; fluency and accuracy. A successful speaking class is that teachers give their students a chance to speak more, and allow them to initiate the language. TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Thank you TEFL--Wed, 24 April 2013By: Iwan Fauzi, M.A.