Norsk institutt for luftforskning www.nilu.nowww.nilu.no Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, 15-18 November, 2004 Toxiques.

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Presentation transcript:

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Toxiques sans frontiers: European coastal contamination from the sky by metal and organic substances Kevin Barrett Norwegian Institute for Air Research Center for Ecological Economics Postboks 100, NO-2027-Kjeller, Norway

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, : Rivers Contaminant transport to coastal waters 2: Direct Discharge 4: Atmosphere 3: Groundwater

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 How big are atmospheric sources compared to rivers? Just some examples: 1. Results of Eloise 2. Results from OSPAR

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (1): POPCYCLING-BALTIC project % of supply AtmosphereRivers Baltic Proper 8812 Kattegat8911 Skagerrak919 supply of lindane to the Baltic (low solubility/restricted freshwater pathways) ( Breivik & Wania, 2002 )

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Examples from ELOISE (2): TOROS project supplies of metals to the SW Mediterranean: a major mining region (very high freshwater loads) tonnes ZnCd Rio Tinto other rivers1303 atmosphere

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Atmospheric pathways of contaminants: from land to sea Example from OSPAR: Percentages of nitrogen entering OSPAR waters via atmosphere: Reduced nitrogen : 32% Oxidised nitrogen : 37% NHx: very soluble, predominantly freshwater source NOx: soluble, important atmospheric discharge

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Supply of anthropogenic contaminants from the sky is frequently substantial.

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Where does it come from? Can we target sources?

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 S.Larssen: EIONET-WS-May-01.ppt Slide 9 The Baltic Watershed The Baltic Airshed for N Source regions for contaminants: an example for nitrogen....and 40%+ of anthropogenic nitrogen entering the Baltic comes from the skies The actual ’50%’ source region

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Source regions – airsheds – can be large. -) component-specific -) receptor is also large scale -) definition may be geographical, sectoral, etc. -) management scale defined by physical and political features. Often BIG. EU?

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 So what are our current objectives, and how well are we achieving them?

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 The Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area Hazardous Substances Strategy making every endeavour to move towards the target of the cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances by the year : Emission Control OSPAR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES STRATEGY

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 European Marine Strategy ”....to progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of substances hazardous to the marine environment...” Van de Wetering, 15/11/04

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, : Environmental Quality ” The (OSPAR) Hazardous Substances Strategy sets the objective of preventing pollution of the maritime area..... the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances. ”Hazardous Substances Strategy

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 European Environment Agency Factsheets

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, and for air inputs...??? Draft, January 30, 2004 Indicator Fact Sheet AP16January 2004 Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, mercury) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs – lindane, PCB 7 ) to coastal and marine waters, Why? Because (in part) the information available for such policy statements is not there.

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Cadmium deposited to coastal waters in precipitation % change Issues: a)Coverage Mediterranean, Arctic Sea, Black Sea, Atlantic coast b)Quality e.g. Netherlands- Belgium-UK

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Reporting to OSPAR, autumn 2004 information due September Iceland 2 stations Norway 1 station Sweden 2 stations Denmark 2 stations Netherlands 2 stations Belgium nothing yet France 0 stations UK nothing yet Ireland 2 stations Spain 1 station Portugal 3 stations Deadline two weeks from now

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, and quality Annual mean precipitation weighted concentrations/depositions of PCB’s: Year 2000 no. mnths PCB's ng/l ???? ???? ng/m2 ???? ???? Values underlined were all BDL (flag 781) Factor of 100 – 1000 !!!!

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 From science to implementation: We know broadly the situation, but noone appears interested How do we get such messages across???

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 Summary Pollutants from the air frequently exceed or equal those from rivers Source regions are transboundary ”..implementation without neighbours will fail...” Rotterdam Stakeholders Conference 10-12/11/04 Receptor region is not local scale The scales of cause and effect do not match either other pollutant routes, or each other – how to identify your stakeholder groups etc. If we identify desirable objectives, can we assess their achievement – ’review and adjustment of monitoring’. Getting the message across......

Norsk institutt for luftforskning Norwegian Institute for Air Research ELOISE Conference, Slovenia, November, 2004 To finish on a positive note.... Depositions to coastal waters from the air,