Macdonald World History

 Total power  Official language: Russian  Religion: Eastern Orthodox  Strict censorship  Secret police to spy  Political prisoners sent to Siberia  Persecuted Jews: pogroms (organized violence against Jews)

 Factories doubled  Sought foreign investors and raised taxes to build up industry  Russia became the 4 th largest producer of steel  Trans-Siberian railway

 Working conditions, wages, child labor, etc  Civil unrest, labor unions and strikes  Karl Marx and “marxism”  Proletariat (workers) will rule the country (communism)  Revolutionary groups formed – including Bolsheviks – small, extreme group led by Lenin

 Russo-Japanese War: Russia lost to Japan over territory in Manchuria/Korea  Bloody Sunday: January 1905, workers march for better working conditions and personal freedoms. 1,000 wounded, hundreds killed. Duma (Russia’s first parliament) created  WWI: caused deaths, disease, starvation, lack of fuel, supplies, weapons  March Revolution: Workers strike, Czar’s soldiers joined. Czar abdicates thrown  All show weakness of Czar Nicholas II

 New provisional government created, led by Alexander Kerensky  Romanov family imprisoned and later killed  Russia stayed in WWI  Revolutionaries formed soviets: local councils of workers, peasants  Vladimir Lenin revolutionary captured by Germany – Germans returned him to Russia to start revolution and hurt Russia in WWI

 Lenin gains control of the Bolshevik party  Organized factory workers to march to provisional government – arrested leaders, Kerenksy “disappeared”  Bolsheviks and Lenin seized power

CausesEffects List reasons why Russians were unhappy with their government What did the people do in response to these problems?

 Horrible working conditions  Low wages  Child labor  Limited personal freedoms  Persecution against others  Deaths in wars  Disease/starvation  Lack of fuel  Formed labor unions- outlawed  Petitioned Czar  Organized strikes  Created revolutionary groups (Mensheviks and Bolsheviks)  Formed soviets  Duma Causes Effects

 Lenin leads the soviets in the revolution  “Peace, Land, Bread”  Red Guard  Lenin becomes dictator of Russia  Redistributes farmland  Gives factories to workers  Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk (gets Russia out of WWI) - humiliated many Russians

 Red army v White Army  Red Army – Lenin & Bolsheviks  White Army- anyone who opposes Lenin  Even with foreign aid, Red Army crushes White Army  14 million died in struggle and famine, flu

 Bolsheviks renamed Communist Party  Lenin created a constitution that created a dictatorship of the Communist Party- not the proletariat (ppl)  Lenin Organized self-governing republics under the central government and renamed Russia USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) or Soviet Union

 Nicholas II  Rasputin  Kerensky  Lenin

 1.  2.  3.  4.  Example

 Controls every aspect of public and private life  Uses fear to discourage opposition  Led by a single, dynamic leader supported by the only political party allowed to exist  pg441

 Police terror: instead of protecting citizens, police are used to spy on them and uphold the government’s policies  Indoctrination: instructions on the government’s beliefs. Begins with children  Propaganda/censorship: using control over mass media, government is able to sway people to accept certain beliefs, even if it is false information  Religious/Ethnic persecution: government created “enemies of the state”

 Creates a police state by using secret police to monitor telephone lines, read mail, plant informers, and arrest or kill traitors.  1937 Great Purge: eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin’s power million deaths due to raid, many of them were members of the communist party.

 Stalin’s government controlled all newspapers, movies, radio, books, etc…  News only glorified Stalin and his economic programs  Used the arts as propaganda

 Communist thought was taught to students as young children  Youth groups also supported Stalin’s policies  Professors and Historians had to teach history from the Communist Party’s perspectives

 Replaced religious teachings with Communist ideals  Stalin and the Communist Party destroyed churches and other religious buildings.  Museums of Atheism

 “command economy” government makes all economic decisions  The Five Year Plans: created to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity.  It limited the production of consumer goods-led to a shortage of housing, food, clothing, etc…  Although fell short of goals, Russia made huge gains

 Government seized all farmland and created collective farms which produced food for the state.  Angered the Kulaks (wealthy peasants) and they were killed  Millions of peasants were forced to work on these farms or died  Wheat production doubled

 Women’s rights expanded, people became more educated and mastered new skills  However, it came at great costs. Personal freedoms were limited, lack of consumer goods, live in fear  Women gained equal rights, joined the work force. Childcare was provided by the state  By 1950, 75% of doctors were women  Women worked full days, and were still expected to clean, cook, and raise future communist citizens

Modernization Nationalism wealth Sun Yixian Jiang Jieshi Businessmen, professionals Democracy Individual rights Mao Zedong Peasants Communism/Lenin Guerilla warfare Nationalist Party (Kuomintang ) Communist Party