Vocabulary Motion- when distance from another object is changing Speed- the distance it travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance Velocity- speed in a given direction acceleration- rate at which velocity changes Force- a push or pull exerted on an object, will either be balanced or unbalanced Work- product of force and distance when a force is used to move an object Energy- ability to do work (kinetic) or cause change (potential)

Motion is when an object is changing in relation to another object. In order to determine whether or not an object is moving you need to have a reference point. If the object in motion changes position relative to the reference point then you know the object is moving. Motion

You always assume that the reference point is not moving. When describing motion you need to always identify the reference point.

Speed When discussing motion you need to always describe the object’s speed, velocity, and acceleration. The speed is how much time it takes for the object to cover a certain distance. The formula used to calculate speed is speed=distance/time

Velocity Motion also uses velocity. Velocity is the speed the object is moving and in which direction. When discussing motion you need to always specify velocity.

Acceleration Objects do not always sit still. They move or stop moving. Any change in velocity is acceleration. Even when an object slows down it is a change in acceleration.

Force A push or pull exerted on an object is considered a force. Any change in an object’s acceleration is the result of some force exerted on the object. But not every force causes acceleration.

The change on an object that causes it to move, stop, or change direction is due to unbalanced forces. When there are equal forces acting in opposite directions the force is said to be balanced

Sir Isaac Newton viere/Newton/

Energy The ability to do work is called energy. The more energy an object or organism has, the more work it can do. Work = Force × Distance There are two types of energy: Kinetic and Potential

Kinetic Energy The energy of moving objects is called kinetic energy. The amount of kinetic energy a moving object has depends on its mass and velocity.

Potential Energy Energy that is stored is called potential energy because it has the potential to do work. Two examples of potential energy are elastic potential energy and gravitational potential energy.

Lab 8 Motion Question: How does height and mass effect speed? Hypothesis: Material Material: Toy car books ramp stop watch Meter stickweightsclay “wall” Procedures: Part 1 1. With the ramp on the lab table or floor, place the back of the car’s wheels at one end of the ramp and measure the distance from the front of the car to the end of the ramp. Record this distance in Data Table With the ramp on the lab table or floor, place the back of the car’s wheels at one end of the ramp and measure the distance from the front of the car to the end of the ramp. Record this distance in Data Table 1.

2. Raise the ramp up on one book. Measure the height in meters and record in Data Table Place the back of the car’s wheels at the top end of the ramp. 4. Release the car as you start the stop watch. 5. Stop timing when the front of the car gets to the bottom of the ramp. Record this time in Data Table 1. 6.Repeat steps 3 -5 two more times then calculate the average time and record in Data Table Calculate the average speed of your car by using the formula: speed = distance/time. 8. Raise one end of the ramp on 2 blocks and repeat steps Raise one end of the ramp on 3 blocks and repeat steps 2 – 7.

Distance Traveled (m)Height of RampTimeAverage Speed 1 book books books Data Table 1

Part 2 Mass 1. Raise one end of the ramp on 1 book. 2. Measure the height in meters and record in Data Table Place the back wheels of the car at the top of the ramp. 4. Time how long it takes to reach the bottom of the ramp. 5. Repeat steps 2 & 3 two more times and record on Data Table Add a known mass to the car then repeat steps 2 – 4 recording all measurements in Data Table 2.

Distance Traveled (m)Mass on CarTimeAverage Speed empty mass masses Data Table 2

Part 3 1.Set up the ramp on 3 books. Place the “wall” at the bottom of the ramp to create a wall for the car to crash into. 2. Form 3 clay “people” of varying masses. The clay “people” should represent an adult, a teenager, and a baby. Mass each of the clay people. 3. Place one of the “people” on the hood of the car and let it roll down the ramp and crash into the wall. Measure the distance the “person” flies off the car over the wall. Record the distance on Data Table Complete 3 trials with each clay “person” and record your results. 5. After all measurements are taken, secure one of the “people” on the car using a rubber band as a seat belt. Roll the car down the ramp and observe what happens.

Trial Distance Clay Person Flew Observations Baby Teen Adult Data Table 3

Results: Conclusion: 1.Graph the data from Parts 1,2, and 3 on separate graphs. 2.How does the height affect the distance the car traveled? 3.Does mass effect the distance a car can travel? 4.How does part 3 explain Newton’s 1 st and 3 rd Laws of Motion? 5.What was the effect of the rubber band on the clay “person”? What does the rubber band represent in real life?

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