Lecture items - Compositions of the Uphole- Downhole Instruments. - Field Operation (Data Acquisition, Processing and Transmission) - Log Runs - Borehole Environment opposite a Permeable Zone. - Structure of a Log head. - Recording Format - Images logs - Basic reservoir characteristics

Compositions of the Uphole- Downhole Instruments. Uphole Instruments include the Logging Truck and the Rig. The logging Truck mainly consists of mechanical Winches and ordinary driving machine. Downhole Instruments are represented by Cables and Sondes. Sondes differ in function from measurement to another based on the required physical property to be measured (GR, Resistivity, Neutron, Sonic, Density, Magnetic, Thermal, etc) Sonde normally consists of two main parts: - Sensor: It is an electronically complicated part used for picking the required property. It is usually shielded with fibers in the modern tools. - Cartridge: Surrounding the sensor in the modern tools and do three functions: - * Powering the sensor to be ON/OFF. - * Processing the acquired data (First step of processing). - * Data transmission along cables to the up-hole instruments.

Modern Cable

Complicated Sondes

Field Operation Data Acquisition (by Sondes) Data Processing (Three steps) Data Transmission (Two stages)

Data Transmission

Log Runs

Borehole Environment When a hole is drilled into a formation, the rock and the fluids in it (rock-fluid system) are altered in the vicinity of the borehole. A well’s borehole and the rock surrounding it are contaminated by the drilling mud, which affects logging measurements. Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a porous and permeable formation which is penetrated by a borehole filled with drilling mud.

Borehole Environ ment

dh – hole diameter di – diameter of invaded zone (inner boundary; flushed zone) dj – diameter of invaded zone (outer boundary; invaded zone) Drj – radius of invaded zone (outer boundary) hmc – thickness of mudcake Rm – resistivity of the drilling mud Rmc – resistivity of the mudcake Rmf – resistivity of mud filtrate Rs – resistivity of shale Rt – resistivity of uninvaded zone (true resistivity) Rw – resistivity of formation water Rxo – resistivity of flushed zone Sw – water saturation of uninvaded zone Sxo – water saturation of flushed zone

Invasion Profile

An annulus profile is often recorded on a log because it rapidly dissipates in a well. The annulus profile is detected only by an induction log run soon after a well is drilled. However, it is very important to a geologist because the profile can only occur in zones which bear hydrocarbons. As the mud filtrate invades the hydrocarbon-bearing zone, hydrocarbons move out first. Next, formation water is pushed out in front of the mud filtrate forming an annular (circular) ring at the edge of the invaded zone. The annulus effect is detected by a relatively lower resistivity values. Annulus zone

Structure of a Log Head

Recording Formats

Modern Formats

Image Logs

Basic reservoir characteristics Porosity,φ (Total, effective, primary, secondary and intercrystalline) Permeability (K) (Absolute, relative) Saturation (S) (Sw, Sxo, Sh, So, Sg, Shr, Shm) and their interrelationships.

POROUS MEDIUM STANDARD REALITY

Various pore geometries with different effective path length

Water Saturation (Sw) is the fraction of the pore space containing water Sw = Vw / f Porosity is the volume of pores to the total volume of rock φ = Vp / VR * 100 %