Plant Kingdom

Plant Classification Plant Kingdom Bryophytes Tracheophytes Seedless Seeds Gymnosperms Angiosperms Monocots Dicots

Bryophytes Simplest plants Lack true stems and leaves Lack vascular systems Problem with fertilization Examples: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular tissue is present. Moist environments. Flagellated sperm rely on water.

Snake Grass

MonocotsDicots

Stoma Cuticle-coated epidermal cell Light micrograph of a leaf’s stomata

Healthy stomata Clogged stomata Closed Open Stomatal Action

Plant cells showing choroplasts inside.

1.What does the orange represent? 2.How many sections does the orange have? 3.What does this mean? 4.What is the carrot? What type does it represent? 5.Can you see rings in the carrot? What makes the rings? 6.Briefly explain what the rings are. 7.Where are the seeds of a strawberry? How many seeds do you think it has? Why would they be here? 8.Explain the difference between monocots and dicots. 9.Sketch both types, both flowers and stem cross section. 10.Look at two flower types under a scope. How many stamen are there? What are arrangements of stamen in relation to pistil (carpel)? 11.Sketch the underneath side of a leaf. What are the important structures. What is the purpose of these? Do they function the same in all plants? Name the differences. 12.Name two things you know now that you didn’t 1 hour ago.

DivisionCommon Name Dominant Generation Fluid Transport Sperm Transport Dispersal Unit BryophytaMosses Gametophyte Non- vascular Flagellated Sperm Spores LycophytaClub mosses Sporophyte VascularFlagellated Sperm Spores SphenophytaHorsetails Sporophyte VascularFlagellated Sperm Spores PterophytaFerns Sporophyte VascularFlagellated Sperm Spores ConiferophyaConifers Sporophyte VascularWind – Pollen Seeds AnthophytaFlower Plants Sporophyte VascularWind/Animal - Pollin Seeds

Vegetative Propagation Bulbs – short stems underground, Onions Runners – horizontal above ground stems, Strawberries Tubers – underground stems, Potatoes Grafting – cutting of a stem, attach it to closely related plant, Seedless oranges

Plant Tropisms Phototropism – response to sunlight, e.g. plants bend towards the light Thigmotropism – response to touch, e.g. ivy grows around posts Gravitropism – response to gravity, –Positive – roots –Negative – stems These responses are initiated by hormones, mostly of the class called Auxins

Functions of Plant Hormones GibberellinsPromotes stem elongation CytokininsPromotes cell division and differentiation EthyleneInduces leaf abscission and promotes fruit ripening Abscisic acidInhibits leaf abscission and promotes bud and seed dormancy

Flower Parts

Before fertilization can occur, the pollen grain on the stigma must germinate. Each pollen grain contains a tube cell and a generative cell. The tube cell forms a pollen tube that grows down inside the style to an ovule. The role of the pollen tube is to enter the stigma of the plant and to reach the ovule, allowing fertilization to take place. The tube cell does not increase in volume during the several centimeters growth of the pollen tube. It generally takes less than a day for the pollen tube to reach the ovule. The generative cell divides to form two sperm that move down the pollen tube. The pollen tube provides a pathway for the sperm to reach the egg cell in the ovule. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell and together they form the zygote. The other sperm unites with the polar bodies in the ovule and together they form the nutritive tissue for the zygote.

Pollen Grains GrassRose

Root types Plant Biology Video