Review: Part 1 The living world, Earth and Space The material world part 1

The Living World

The living world Exam Breakdown: –1 question –Section B –Topics: Disturbances Trophic Levels

Progressions of Learning (POL) Defines an ecosystem as the relationships between the individuals in a community and abiotic factors in the environment Defines a disturbance in a community Explains the effects of certain factors that disturb the ecological balance (e.g. human activity, natural disasters) Describes the trophic levels (producers, consumers, decomposers) Explains the relationships between the trophic levels of a food web Defines primary productivity as the quantity of organic matter produced by plants in a given territory Explains the effects of certain factors on primary productivity (e.g. bees help pollinate fruit trees, pathogenic microorganisms hinder plant growth) Describes material and energy flow in an ecosystem Describes certain processes underlying chemical recycling (e.g. action of microorganisms and decomposers, erosion) Describes the geographical and climatic factors that affect the distribution of biomes (e.g. latitude, humidity, temperature, salinity)

Ecosystems: –Interaction between the living (amongst themselves) and the non-living

This interaction is seen through The trophic level (a.k.a. the food chain) Connection with the non-living component: –Producers change inorganic to organic via photosynthesis Responsible for primary productivity They are autotrophs Plants

This interaction is seen through Consumers: –Must feed on other living organisms in order to survive –Heterotroph –1 st order consumer: eats plants –2 nd order consumer: eats 1 st order consumer –3 rd order consumer: eats 2 nd order consumer –(…)

This interaction is seen through Decomposers: –Re-connection with the non-living component –Takes organic materials and changes it into inorganic material –Responsible for chemical recycling –Bacteria, fungi

Disturbances HumanNatural

Earth and Space

Exam Breakdown: –2 questions –Section A (1) and Section B (1) –Topics: Watersheds Energy ressources

Progressions of Learning (POL) Distinguishes between minerals and ore Describes some of the environmental impacts of mining and of the transformation of minerals Defines a catchment area as a territory surrounding a waterway Describes some of the impacts of human activity on the waterways in a catchment area Describes the main factors that affect the quantity of solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface (e.g. reflection and absorption of solar energy by the atmosphere or surfaces) Describes the properties of an air mass (temperature, humidity, pressure) Explains the formation of clouds when two different air masses meet Explains the formation of cyclones (low-pressure areas) and anticyclones (high- pressure areas) Describes the tides in terms of the gravitational effect of the Earth-Moon system Describes technologies used to produce electricity using the energy resources in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere Describes the main impact of the use of energy resources in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

The lithosphere Earth:Solid ground Agriculture Mining

The lithosphere MineralOre

The lithosphere What is it? –A deposit of gold (300$/g) that takes 350$/g to extract. When would it be considered ore?

The lithosphere (game) Environmental Impacts of mining:

The Hydrosphere All water contained on our planet

The hydrosphere Catchment area: –Territory surrounding a waterway

The hydrosphere Catchment area: –Environmental impacts

The atmosphere The atmosphere: –Envelop of gases surrounding our planet

The atmosphere Air masses: –Pockets of air with the same Temperature Humidity Pressure

When 2 air masses meet, a front is created. –Cold Front –Warm Front –Occluded Front

The atmosphere Cold front: –Cold air mass moving, pushes the warm air mass up rapidly –Causes storms

The atmosphere Warm front: –Warm air mass moving, slowly rising above a cold air mass –Produces light rain for many days

The atmosphere Occluded Front: -A cold front catches up with a warm front, trapping the warm air -Produce violent storms

The atmosphere Cyclone –Low pressure system –Gives us weather Anticyclone –High Pressure System –Gives us clear skies

Astronomical Phenomenon Tides: –Gravitational effect of the moon (and Sun) on the hydrosphere

Astronomical Phenomenon

Earth’s Albedo: –How much sunlight is reflected off our planet

Geological and geophysical phenomena Technologies for producing electricity –Lithosphere –Hydrosphere –Atmosphere

Geological and geophysical phenomena What are the environmental impact of these production technologies –Lithosphere –Hydrosphere –Atmosphere

The Material World Part 1: Changes

The Material World Exam Breakdown: –10 questions –Section A (9) and Section B (1) –Topics: everything

POL for changes Represents an oxidation reaction using the particle model Associates known chemical reactions with oxidation reactions (e.g. combustion, corrosion) Describes the perceivable manifestations of rapid combustion (e.g. heat, light) Explains a combustion reaction using the fire triangle

Chemical Changes Particle Model: –Representing Atoms with tiny dots

P 4 (s) + 5 O 2 (g) P 4 O 10 (s)

Chemical Changes Oxidation:

Chemical Changes Combustion: