Integrated Coastal Management in the Baltic Sea A framework for better management of environment and resources Olof Linden World Maritime University

ICM Concept and Framework Characteristics of Coastal Zone Characteristics of Coastal Zone Concept of Integrated Coastal Management Concept of Integrated Coastal Management Framework of ICM Program Development and Implementation in the Baltic Sea Framework of ICM Program Development and Implementation in the Baltic Sea

Inter-related ecosystems of river, watershed, estuaries & coastal seas hence, what we do in inland areas are relevant also in the coast and sea.

Coastal Environment Physical Env. Geomorphology Current Climate Hydrology Geochemistry Biological Env. Biological Production Site of reproduction Living Resources Biodiversity Human Activities Shipping Port development Fishing Aquaculture Oil and gas exploration Wind power Tourism Recreation Land filling, dredging Cables Urban development Waste disposal Protection/ Conservation Research Monitoring

Characteristics of Coastal Zone Physically Dynamic Physically Dynamic Ecologically Productive Ecologically Productive Natural Defense Natural Defense Socio-economic Center of Activities Socio-economic Center of Activities Base for Offshore Activities Base for Offshore Activities Area of Multiple-use Conflicts Area of Multiple-use Conflicts Area of Management Complexities Area of Management Complexities

Management of Coastal Zone involves Multiple ecological, socio-economic and political linkages Multiple ecological, socio-economic and political linkages Multiple problems Multiple problems Multiple desired (often conflicting) uses of coastal resources Multiple desired (often conflicting) uses of coastal resources Multiple constituencies Multiple constituencies Multiple institutions Multiple institutions

Integrated Coastal Management “ Framework to achieve the Sustainable Development of Coastal Resources ” Agenda 21 Agenda 21 Convention on Climate Change Convention on Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity Global Programme of Action for the Protection of Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (UNEP) Global Programme of Action for the Protection of Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (UNEP) WSSD Plan of Implementation WSSD Plan of Implementation Millennium Development Goals Millennium Development Goals EU Water Framework Directive EU Water Framework Directive EU Marine Strategy EU Marine Strategy

Goal of ICM To achieve sustainable development of coastal and marine areas, taking into account: To achieve sustainable development of coastal and marine areas, taking into account: - Environmental integrity, - Economic efficiency, - Social equity

“Integration” in ICM has many meanings Among different sectors and different government agencies (fisheries, tourism, port development, shipping, environment protection etc.) Among different sectors and different government agencies (fisheries, tourism, port development, shipping, environment protection etc.) Among different levels of governments (national, provincial, local) Among different levels of governments (national, provincial, local) Between different countries to solve transboundary issues Between different countries to solve transboundary issues Between land and the sea Between land and the sea Between policy, economy and science Between policy, economy and science Among different disciplines of science Among different disciplines of science Between present and future generations Between present and future generations

ICM: a management system of natural resources and environment in the coastal area, which employs integrated, holistic and interactive approaches

Management in ICM Process: Planning, Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Issues: Environment Resources Natural hazards Development/ Employment Actions: Management Inteventions (Regulatory, Economic incentives) Public/Private invstments and Capacity Building Stakeholders involvement

ICM in Practice Many countries Many countries Mostly at local scales, a few national Mostly at local scales, a few national Only on Regional case: Southeast Asia (PEMSEA) Only on Regional case: Southeast Asia (PEMSEA) Let’s look at the PEMSEA Project Cycle:

1. Preparing Project Management mechanism Human and financial arrangement Stakeholders consultation Training of Core Staff 2. Initiating Environmental Profiling Issues identification and prioritization Initial Env. Risk Assessemnt Stakeholders consensus building Public awareness Integrated information management system 3. Developing Data gathering Refined Risk Assessment Strategic Env. Management Plan (SEMP) Issues specific / Area specific Action Plans Institutional arrangements Financial investment options Environment monitoring Stakeholders participation 4. Adopting Organizational and legal mechanisms SEMP and action plans Funding mechanisms Stakeholders participation 5 Implementing Coordinating and program management mechanisms Env. Monitoring Programs Action Plans Public participation 6. Refining and Consolidating Institutional Set-up Program monitoring/evaluation Public and stakeholders consultation Revised strategies / Action Plans

Initiating Stage: How to initiate ICM activities in the Baltic? Identify priority concerns, issues, values of the coastal resources and environment (On-going) Identify priority concerns, issues, values of the coastal resources and environment (On-going) - Environmental Profile, Initial Risk Assessment - Stakeholders Consultation/Public Awareness Consolidate the long-term vision and mission of coastal stakeholders (To be initiated) Consolidate the long-term vision and mission of coastal stakeholders (To be initiated) - Coastal Strategy - Stakeholders Consultation/Public Awareness

Coastal Strategy: Objectives Provide stakeholders with a common vision and framework of action in developing and managing their shared coastal area for long-term time span Provide stakeholders with a common vision and framework of action in developing and managing their shared coastal area for long-term time span Elements of a Coastal Strategy: Value of coast, Threats and impacts, Long- term vision, Mission Statement, Goal, Strategies, Principles, Action Plan, Institutional mechanism

Why a Coastal Strategy at the Initial Stage? As a framework to achieve common recognition on value, problems and long-term vision of the area As a framework to achieve common recognition on value, problems and long-term vision of the area As a means to hold the interest of stakeholders from the initiation through the formulation of issue/site specific action plans As a means to hold the interest of stakeholders from the initiation through the formulation of issue/site specific action plans As a structured way of communicating with stakeholders (informing them as well as learning from them) As a structured way of communicating with stakeholders (informing them as well as learning from them)

How to build consensus among stakeholders? (PEMSEA) Relying on the Diverse Knowledge and Experiences of various stakeholders Relying on the Diverse Knowledge and Experiences of various stakeholders Strengthening the Ownership of stakeholders Strengthening the Ownership of stakeholders Maintaining Transparency of policy development process Maintaining Transparency of policy development process Promoting Knowledge Sharing and Informed Decision- Making Promoting Knowledge Sharing and Informed Decision- Making Practicing Trade-offs among different sectors Practicing Trade-offs among different sectors Promoting Area-wide Common Interest, not sectoral interest Promoting Area-wide Common Interest, not sectoral interest Creating ‘ Win-Win ’ Situation by having a common vision Creating ‘ Win-Win ’ Situation by having a common vision

Gaining Political Support and Commitment (PEMSEA) Stakeholders Declaration and Signing Ceremony Stakeholders Declaration and Signing Ceremony –Promoting political support for the adoption of coastal strategy –Ensuring stakeholders commitment for the implementation of coastal strategy Official Approval Process Official Approval Process –Approval by concerned authority at national and sub-national levels Public Awareness Public Awareness –Translate coastal strategy into public-friendly document and raise awareness of community members

Impacts of a Baltic Coastal Strategy Promoting perception change of stakeholders from single-sector oriented view to area-wide view Promoting perception change of stakeholders from single-sector oriented view to area-wide view Creating a platform for partnership and stakeholders participation to address cross-sectoral, cross-boundary issues Creating a platform for partnership and stakeholders participation to address cross-sectoral, cross-boundary issues Providing a policy framework for achieving sustainable coastal development Providing a policy framework for achieving sustainable coastal development Integrating the implementation of international and regional (EU) instruments related to environment and natural resources Integrating the implementation of international and regional (EU) instruments related to environment and natural resources Promoting opportunity for environmentally sustainable investments and creation of job opportunities Promoting opportunity for environmentally sustainable investments and creation of job opportunities

Developing Stage: What are the critical elements to institutionalize ICM mechanism? Coastal Problems Recognized by Important Stakeholders: Coastal Problems Recognized by Important Stakeholders: - Environmental Profile, RA, Coastal Strategy Policy Proposals available for Alternative Management Coastal Strategy: Policy Proposals available for Alternative Management Coastal Strategy: - Coastal Strategy Implementation Plan, Issue/site specific Action Plans Favorable Political Environment: Favorable Political Environment: –Public Awareness, Stakeholders Consultation, Building Constituency

Adopting Stage: How to facilitate the adoption of a Coastal Strategy and Action Plans? Adoption is an intensive political process which requires strong support from key stakeholders Adoption is an intensive political process which requires strong support from key stakeholders Thus, the success of adopting stage depends on : Thus, the success of adopting stage depends on : –the effectiveness of stakeholders consultation from initiating to developing stages, through the formulation of Coastal Strategy – the appropriate timing of providing ICM policy proposal such as Coastal Strategy and Action Plans under favorable Political Environment –the recognition on the failure of existing approaches and the usefulness of ICM mechanism by high-level policy makers

Critical factors for successful implementation of Coastal Strategy and Action Plans: The case of the Baltic Sea To secure Budget for implementation (Y) To secure Budget for implementation (Y) To provide Competent Human Resources (Y) To provide Competent Human Resources (Y) To develop Scientific and Technical Capacity (Y) To develop Scientific and Technical Capacity (Y) To maintain Political Interest (Y/N) To maintain Political Interest (Y/N) To have continued Support from Various Stakeholders (Y/N) To have continued Support from Various Stakeholders (Y/N) To provide Appropriate Organizational Mechanism (N) To provide Appropriate Organizational Mechanism (N)

Monitoring and Evaluation Is the plan working? If not, what actions are needed to make it work? Assess the effectiveness of the plan

Refining and Consolidating What do you need to refine & consolidate? What do you need to refine & consolidate? Based on Performance Monitoring & Evaluation: To refine organizational structure To refine functional process (coordination, EIA, permitting, enforcement, etc.) To refine budget arrangement To refine human resources and management capacity Based on Environmental Monitoring & Evaluation: To refine management strategies and actions in the Coastal Strategy To refine science and technical capacity To plan for next program cycle responding to new issues & challenges