Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Domain Eubacteria Archaea Common ancestor 2007-2008

Echinoderms Arthropods Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria Worms Mollusks Echinoderms Arthropods

Animals Vertebrates- Animals with backbones Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

LIFE ON EARTH Image from: http://ology.amnh.org/biodiversity/treeoflife/pages/graph.html

Animal Evolution radial bilateral Ancestral Protist Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinodermata Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmented worms insects spiders starfish vertebrates body & brain size,  mobility backbone redundancy, specialization,  mobility segmentation  body size endoskeleton coelom  digestive sys radial body cavity body complexity  digestive & repro sys bilateral symmetry distinct body plan; cephalization tissues specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue multicellularity specialization &  body complexity bilateral Ancestral Protist

Disagreement about phylogeny of BILATERIA Protostomia Images from Campbell and Reece AP BIOLOGY

WHY ARE ECHINODERMS PLACED IN BILATERIA? http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/echinoderm_notes.htm WHY ARE ECHINODERMS PLACED IN BILATERIA? Its larvae are BILATERALLY symmetrical and develop like deuterostomes!

Invertebrate Phylum: __________ PORIFERA food taken into each cell by endocytosis SPONGES _________ most primitive animal Cells are independent Sessile (non-moving _______________ ________________ - make both egg and sperm ASYMMETRICAL HERMAPHRODITES

Invertebrate Phylum: ________ CNIDARIA _____________________ _______________________ Tissues, but no organs _______________ Two Forms One Opening Gastrovascular cavity tentacles surround gut opening Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral Diploblastic (two germ layers) polyp medusa RADIAL SYMMETRY)

Stinging cells of Cnidarians hydra stinging cell with nematocyst trigger discharged nematocyst undischarged tentacles mouth sensory cell NEMATOCYSTS

SUBKINGDOM: ___________ EUMETAZOA (true animals = 3 germ layers) ALL WORMS: INVERTEBRATE _____________ have ____________________ (BILATERIA) Breathe _______________ PROTOSTOMES BILATERAL SYMMETRY THROUGH SKIN

3 KINDS OF WORMS - 3 KINDS OF COELOMS ectoderm mesoderm FLATWORMS endoderm acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm ROUND WORMS endoderm pseudocoelomate SEGMENTED WORMS ectoderm mesoderm True coelomate endoderm

Invertebrate Phylum: __________________ PLATYHELMINTHES Invertebrate Phylum: __________________ ACOELOM _____________ _______________________ <2 openings ______ __________________ = development of brain mostly parasitic EX: Planaria, flukes, tapeworms some parasitic: Schistosomiasis (blood fluke) GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY OPEN circulation CHEPHALIZATION Animals now face the world head on! ectoderm mesoderm endoderm acoelomate

Invertebrate Phylum: __________ NEMOTODA Invertebrate Phylum: __________ PSEUDOCOELOM _______________ 2 opening digestive system tube running through length of body (mouth to anus) ________Circulation Free living = important decomposers many are parasitic Hookworm, pinworms C. elegans OPEN

Invertebrate Phylum : __________ ANNELIDA EUCOELOM __________ 2 opening digestive system ______________ CLOSED circulation Most __________________ SEGMENTATION HERMAPHRODITES fan worm leech

Invertebrate Phylum : _________ MOLLUSCA ___________ = true coelom 2 openings digestion __________________ (with exceptions) _____________ Shells secreted by __________ COELOMATE OPEN CIRCULATION ‘SOFT BODIES” MANTLE

Invertebrate Phylum : Mollusca _________ : 2 shells, clams and oysters _____________ : 1 shell, “stomach foot”, snails and slugs ______________ : no shell, “head-foot” , octopus, squid BIVALVES GASTROPODS CEPHALOPODS

Invertebrate: _______________ ECHINODERMATA Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumber, sand dollars ______________________________________ ________ skin All are _________ (live in salt water) Larva ________________________; as adults ___________________ SPINY MARINE BILATERAL SYMMETRY RADIAL SYMMETRY loss of bilateral symmetry?

Invertebrate: Echinodermata _______________ have bone plates Only ____________________________ ________________________ with TUBE FEET _______ circulation ENDOSKELETON INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROSTOMES WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM OPEN

Invertebrate: _____________ ARTHROPODA ______________ most successful animal phylum Only ___________________________________ ______________ symmetry _____________________ specialized segments allows ______________________ _________________ made of __________ COELOMATE INVERTEBRATE PROTOSTOMES BILATERL SEGMENTATION JOINTED APPENDAGES EXOSKELETON CHITIN

Phylum Arthropoda OPEN METAMORPHOSIS INSECTS ___________ ______ circulatory system Many undergo __________________ Three Major Groupings (subphylums, class) Insects Arachinids Crustaceans ___________ 6 legs, 3 body parts _____, _______ , ________ Excrete ________ with _________________ __________________ - respiratory Ex- Grasshopper, bee, ant OPEN METAMORPHOSIS INSECTS HEAD THORAX ABDOMEN URIC ACID MALPIGHIAN TUBULES TRACHEA & SPIRACLES

Phylum Arthropoda ___________ ARACHNIDS 8 legs 2 body parts __________________, __________ With_____________________ _____________ -respiratory Ex: Spiders, ticks, scorpions ARACHNIDS ABDOMEN CEPHALOTHORAX MALPIGHIAN TUBULES BOOK LUNGS

Phylum Arthropoda _____________ CRUSTACEANS 10 legs 2 body parts __________________, __________ ______ -respiratory _______________ -excretory Ex: crayfish, lobster, crab CEPHALOTHORAX ABDOMEN GILLS GREEN GLANDS

Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata Which phylum includes snails, clams, and octopus? Which phylum is the sponges? Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? Which phylum has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Which two groups are radially symmetrical? Which group has no symmetry? Type of circulation most invertebrates have? Which groups are DIPLOBLASTIC?

ALL COELOMATE DEUTEROSTOMES Oh, look… your first baby picture! Phylum _________ CHORDATA ALL COELOMATE DEUTEROSTOMES _______________________________ NOTOCHORD PHARYNGEAL POUCHES POST ANAL TAIL DORSAL NERVE CORD hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube Oh, look… your first baby picture! pharyngeal pouches becomes vertebrae postanal tail becomes tail or tailbone notochord

NOTOCHORD Notochord: flexible rod Helps organize developing cells in embryo Replaced by spinal cord in most vertebrates Becomes the vertebrae http://www.xenbase.org/xmmr/Marker_pages/notochord/Tor70stg22.jpg

DORSAL NERVE CORD VENTRAL HEART Spinal cord forms along dorsal side Images from: http://www.nvo.com/jin/nssfolder/scrapbookanatomy/dorsal%20nerve%20cord.jpg  http://www.ekinos.com.ar/horse.jpg

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES Become gills in some vertebrates Become back of throat and inner ears in humans http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/subunits/notoc.htm

POST ANAL TAIL

Human Embryo 32 days old Pharyngeal arches appear during 4th week http://www.evcforum.net/RefLib/EvidencesMacroevolution2_files/human_embryo.jpg Pharyngeal arches appear during 4th week Tail disappears at approximately 8 weeks

SUBPHYLUM = VERTEBRATA fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS: ALL CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS PLUS: Bones or cartilage around a dorsal nerve cord Cranium (skull) to protect brain Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage Closed circulatory system

Vertebrates: CHONDRICHTHYES ___________________ 450 mya sharks, rays, skate Vertebrates: CHONDRICHTHYES ___________________ _________________ of cartilage Ex: sharks, rays, skates ENDOSKELETON

Vertebrates: OSTEICHTHYES ___________________ 450 mya perch, bass, eel Vertebrates: OSTEICHTHYES ___________________ _________________ of BONE Ex: perch, bass, eel ENDOSKELETON

Vertebrates: Fish gills two-chambered single loop body structure 450 mya Perch, bass, eel Vertebrates: Fish body structure bony OR cartilaginous skeleton Scales, fins Lungs/swim bladder body function ______ for gas exchange _________________ heart; _____________ blood circulation _____________ reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg gills body gills two-chambered single loop ECTOTHERMS

Two Types of Fish ___________-have spines in fins ____________ -have tiny arm/leg bones in fins RAY FINNED LOBE-FINNED Tibia Femur Pelvis Fibula Lobe-finned fish Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna

Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Tiktaalik Evidence suggests Tibia Femur Fibula Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Pelvis Lobe-finned fish Early amphibian Tiktaalik Evidence suggests lobe finned fish are ancestors of amphibians

TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpg TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers Earliest fish with a neck Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004

Vertebrates: Amphibia 350 mya frogs salamanders toads Vertebrates: Amphibia lung buccal cavity glottis closed Characteristics ________________ Metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) legs (tetrapods) Thin, moist skin _____________heart ________ ____________ Excrete ___________ reproduction external fertilization external development in aquatic egg “Double Life” 3 CHAMBERED 2 loops Ectotherms UREA

Vertebrates: Reptilia 250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile Vertebrates: Reptilia Thick, scaly skin _______________ lungs for gas exchange Most ______________heart _______ (except crocodilians) excrete ________ Reproduction ___________________________ _____________ lays ___________________ ECTOTHERMIC Three-chambered 2 loops URIC ACID INTERNAL FERTILIZATION embryo leathery shell chorion allantois yolk sac amnion OVIPAROUS AMNIOTIC eggs

IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT AMNIOTIC EGG- reptiles didn’t have to return to water to lay eggs amnion -bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg

Vertebrates: AVES (Birds) 150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey Vertebrates: AVES (Birds) feathers & wings _____________ ____________ heart _______ circulatory system thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton very efficient lungs & air sacs excrete __________ _________ fertilization external development in _______________ ENDOTHERMIC 4 chambered 2 LOOPS trachea anterior air sacs lung posterior URIC ACID INTERNAL AMNIOTIC EGG

Vertebrates: Mammalia 220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans Vertebrates: Mammalia ENDOTHERMIC ______________ hair specialized teeth __________________ make milk ______________________ Lungs for respiration Excrete ______ internal fertilization/development ___________ birth live young muscles contract diaphragm contracts MAMMARY GLANDS 4 chambered heart/2 loops UREA VIVIPAROUS

Vertebrates: Mammalia Sub-groups MONOTREMES egg-laying mammals Ex. duckbilled platypus, echidna MARSUPIALS short-lived placenta Incubate in pouch Ex. koala, kangaroo, opossum PLACENTAL true placenta, embryo inside Ex. Humans, dogs, whales

Vertebrate quick check… Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? Which vertebrates are covered with scales? What adaptations do birds have for flying? What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic Why must amphibians live near water? What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?

That’s the buzz! Any Questions? 2010-2011