World War I on the Home Front

Mobilization Start of the war, America ranked 17 th in the world in terms of Army size Start of the war, America ranked 17 th in the world in terms of Army size how do we quickly mobilize to mount a competitive fighting force? how do we quickly mobilize to mount a competitive fighting force? Some believed in asking for volunteers Some believed in asking for volunteers Others proposed a national draft Others proposed a national draft

The Draft Pres. Wilson felt that this was the most objective way to deal with raising an army Pres. Wilson felt that this was the most objective way to deal with raising an army Public relations campaign (propaganda) got most Americans to favor the draft eventually Public relations campaign (propaganda) got most Americans to favor the draft eventually

Selective Service Name was supposed to sound better than “the draft” Name was supposed to sound better than “the draft” Propaganda focused on how noble it was to be “selectively” requested to serve your country Propaganda focused on how noble it was to be “selectively” requested to serve your country 24 million registered for the draft 24 million registered for the draft 2 million sent to fight 2 million sent to fight 65,000 conscientious objectors 65,000 conscientious objectors

World War One’s Army Highly segregated Highly segregated Marines refused to accept blacks Marines refused to accept blacks Navy assigned them to kitchen duty Navy assigned them to kitchen duty Segregated units Segregated units

Women in the War Moved into jobs that had been exclusively held by men Moved into jobs that had been exclusively held by men Women’s support of the war effort helped bolster public support for women’s suffrage Women’s support of the war effort helped bolster public support for women’s suffrage

African Americans The expansion of war industries created job for blacks The expansion of war industries created job for blacks World War I effectively put a halt to the flow of European immigrants to the cities, causing shortages of workers in the factories World War I effectively put a halt to the flow of European immigrants to the cities, causing shortages of workers in the factories

Great Migration movement of approximately seven million African-Americans out of the South to the North, Midwest and West movement of approximately seven million African-Americans out of the South to the North, Midwest and West Why? To escape racism, seek employment opportunities in industrial cities, and to get better education for their children Why? To escape racism, seek employment opportunities in industrial cities, and to get better education for their children Effect? urban tensions rose as African Americans and new European immigrants competed for jobs and housing with the white ethnic working class.  discrimination Effect? urban tensions rose as African Americans and new European immigrants competed for jobs and housing with the white ethnic working class.  discrimination

Rationing The controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services. The controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services. For example, each person may be given "ration coupons" allowing him or her to purchase a certain amount of a product each month. For example, each person may be given "ration coupons" allowing him or her to purchase a certain amount of a product each month. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires and gasoline. Rationing often includes food and other necessities for which there is a shortage, including materials needed for the war effort such as rubber tires and gasoline.

War Industries Board A United States government agency during World War I to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. A United States government agency during World War I to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. –use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency The WIB dealt with labor-management disputes The WIB dealt with labor-management disputes Stopped strikes to prevent a shortage of supplies going to the war in Europe. Stopped strikes to prevent a shortage of supplies going to the war in Europe.

National War Labor Board an agency composed of representatives from business and labor an agency composed of representatives from business and labor Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers preventing work stoppages which might hinder the war effort preventing work stoppages which might hinder the war effort

Espionage and Sedition Acts America's involvement in World War I provoked serious and widespread abuses of civil liberties. America's involvement in World War I provoked serious and widespread abuses of civil liberties. There were those who remained opposed to intervention in the war, and a few, including many pacifists, who resisted the call to arms altogether. There were those who remained opposed to intervention in the war, and a few, including many pacifists, who resisted the call to arms altogether.

It made it a crime to: It made it a crime to: convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or to obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States. to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or to obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States.

Schenck v. United States Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. Supreme Court decision concerning the question of whether the defendant possessed a First Amendment right to free speech against the draft during World War I. The court held that the circumstances of wartime permit greater restrictions on free speech than would be allowable during peacetime. The court held that the circumstances of wartime permit greater restrictions on free speech than would be allowable during peacetime.

Justice Holmes sets out the "clear and present danger" test: Justice Holmes sets out the "clear and present danger" test: –"The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent." This case is also the source of the phrase "shouting fire in a crowded theater," paraphrased from Holmes' assertion that "the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic." This case is also the source of the phrase "shouting fire in a crowded theater," paraphrased from Holmes' assertion that "the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."

Committee on Public Information known as the CPI and the Creel Committee, was an agency of the US government intended to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American intervention in World War I known as the CPI and the Creel Committee, was an agency of the US government intended to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American intervention in World War I propaganda; present an upbeat picture of the American war effort propaganda; present an upbeat picture of the American war effort