Atoms! Lynn A. Melton University of Texas at Dallas Mini-CAST January 22, 2011

Website Lots of ideas there. It you use this material in the classroom, it may take you a month or more to work through the material.. The “hands on” stuff will count as labs. No algebra!

Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry It’s Tinkertoy® time! [or Fiddlestix®] Work in teams; try to be the first team to build a car. When you think you are finished, the other teams get to decide whether what you built is indeed a car. 8GBR*: The task of adding a piece rotates clockwise. One person, one piece, then on to the next person. 8GBR = “eighth grade boy rule”

Fundamental Concepts of Chemistry Atoms Bonding/Molecules/Reactions Structure/Properties –Activity of molecule derives from its structure All of these are illustrated by the Tinkertoy® [or Fiddlestix® car].

Some Fundamental Skills Ability to work with models “Seeing without seeing”

#1Models A model is a step on the staircase of understanding

#1Models Working scientists use many of the steps. They use the simplest model that works, since the higher steps generally require more complex mathematics.

#1Models Models are generally not completely “true”. They generally explains some things well and other things poorly.

#1Models Which step is best for us?

#2 Seeing Without Seeing Most chemists see atoms moving when they talk about reactions. Maybe they have a “tv screen” in the front of their brain. It takes students a long time (sophomore year of college?) to acquire this skill. How can we intentionally start to build this skill in younger students?

#3 Atoms A conceptual chemistry problem: “A piece of normal (dirty) copper wire is held in a gas flame. It becomes bright copper “pink”. When it is removed from the flame and allowed to cool, it becomes black. Question: Does the blackened copper wire weigh more, same, or less than when it was in the flame?”

#3 Atoms A secondary school teacher was in the class, and came to me for help with this homework problem. She could tell me that the flame cleaned the surface of the dirty copper wire and that oxygen from the air reacted with the clean surface to produce copper oxide, which is black. She went back and forth as to whether the answer was “more”, “same”, or “less”. She was guessing.

#3 Atoms I tried to help. Knowing that she once had taught Home Economics, I said, “Go to the grocery store and fill a basket with oranges. Now put a layer of avocados on top of the oranges. Does the basket weigh more, same or less when I add the avocados? “Oh, Dr. Melton, of course it weighs more”. She could reasons well enough, but when she was asked about atoms, she turned off her reasoning. The atomic world was ARCANE [because the atoms were too small to reason about].

#3 Atoms The atomic world was ARCANE. –Known or understood by only a few: arcane economic theories. –adj : requiring secret or mysterious knowledge; "the arcane science of dowsing“ –Definitions from dictionary.com In the arcane world, the normal rules do not work, and you might as well guess.

#3 Atoms If a sassy ninth grader asked you “So why – other than you and the book say so – should I accept that the world is made of atoms? After all, I cannot see atoms.”

#3 Atoms Your answer has three parts: –Define an atom carefully –Data #1:Atomic Force Microscopy (in #5) (the world is granular) –Data #2: Mass Spectrometry (in #5) (the particles have different weights)

#3 Atoms Definition of an atom –Rip any piece of the world apart, but you may use only the energies available to the ancients – horses, flames, and lightning. When you cannot rip the smaller pieces apart any longer (to produce only neutral particles) then those last (neutral) particles are ATOMS.

#3 Atoms Guide the responses away from “Do you believe in atoms?” –The word believe has many uses. Guide the responses toward “Do you accept, on the basis of experimental evidence, that all materials in the world are composed of atoms?”

#3 Atoms The weight of anything in the world is the same, regardless of how finely you divide it. Or, when you add up the weight of all the pieces, you get the weight of the original thing. The world is granular; it is –Sand rather than shampoo –Grapes rather than jello The world is tinkertoys – molecules are built from atoms

#3 Atoms Words that may come up. (If they don’t ask, don’t bring them up; Keep to the simple model) –Electron, proton, neutron: subatomic particles, they will be discussed as more complex MODELS –Element: a group of atoms all of which have the same number of protons –Ion: a atom in which the number of electrons is not the same as the number of protons –Isotopes: atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

#3 Atoms What do we need to know about atoms? –What is your weight? –What can I build with you?

#4 Atoms Seeing Without Seeing The garbage bag contains models of atoms, but you may not use your eyes to see them. –A. Work in pairs, one bag to a pair. One member of the pair is the “observer”; the other member is the “recorder”. The observer may not write; the reporter may not take data.

#4 Atoms Seeing Without Seeing –B. You many not use your eyes for observation, feel the contents of the bag. –C. After “enough” observation, pairs will shift the bag the next pair. At the time of this switch, observers become recorders and vice versa. Do not give out hints. – D. After “enough” observation, pairs discuss their observations. If they come to a consensus about the samples, fine. If not, then back to the lab(s) for more observations.

#5 Atoms What data do we have? Atomic Force Microscopy –A very sensitive probe is scanned across the surface, and the force on the probe is measured –By using electronics to keep the force constant, we can – line by line – generate a profile of the surface –The best instruments can “feel” individual atoms. –Conclusion: the world is granular.

#5 Atoms What data do we have? Atomic Force Microscopy –A very sensitive probe is scanned across the surface, and the force on the probe is measured –By using electronics to keep the force constant, we can – line by line – generate a profile of the surface –The best instruments can “feel” individual atoms. –Conclusion: the world is granular.

#5 Atoms What data do we have? Atomic Force Microscopy (neat websites) esolution_on_si_111_7x7_in_non_contact_mode_afm /~Omicron

#5 Atoms What AFM data do we have? Silicon surface

#5 Atoms What AFM data do we have? NaCl (salt) surface

#5 Atoms What AFM data do we have? Conclusion: –The world “feels” granular.

#5Atoms What MS data do we have? Mass Spectrometry separates atoms (actually ions) according to their differing masses. Note: a teacher friend found that the kids were more comfortable with the name “mass sorter”. OK with me. Different masses have different trajectories! Real mass spectrometers require a very good vacuum, and they are expensive.

#5 Atoms What MS data do we have? Mass Spectrometry separates atoms (actually ions) according to their differing masses. Neat websites! html/examples.html ments.html

#5 Mass Spectrum What well known compound gives rise to this result?

#5 Atoms AFM and MS AFM – The AFM box allows students to mimic the measurements made with a real AFM. Maybe you can feel individual atoms? MS – The mass spectrometer [mass sorter] allows students to mimic the measurements made with a real mass spectrometer. Do you want to see the trajectories of your atoms?

Should I use this approach in my class? It (probably) will help students with the fundamental concepts of chemistry. Perhaps you are constrained by the sequencing of chemistry instruction?

Should I use this approach in my class? Perhaps you are constrained by the sequencing of chemistry instruction? 8 th grade  ???  [pre-AP chemistry  AP chemistry  Freshman Chemistry  degree in chemistry]

Should I use this approach in my class? It (probably) will help students with the fundamental concepts of chemistry. Perhaps you are constrained by TEKS and TAKS?

Should I use this approach in my class? Perhaps you are constrained by TEKS and TAKS? “Which letter in this model of a boron atom represents a neutron?” (TAKS grade 8 science April 2006)