Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes Mrs. Storer Chemistry

Physical versus Chemical Properties

MATTER Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space Mass – the amount of matter in something Volume – the amount of space something occupies Which of the following is matter? A car? A box? You?

What is a property? Property: a characteristic of a substance that can be observed.

Physical Property Physical property: a property that can be observed without chemically changing the matter. These are usually physical descriptions of the material, but they can also include some behaviors.

Physical properties can be used to separate mixtures!

Examples: ColorShape Size (volume)Texture Melting pointBoiling point MassWeight LusterSpecific heat SolubilityElasticity PhaseDensity (more on this later) Physical Properties

Examples: Malleability: the ability to be hammered into a thin sheet Ductility: the ability to be stretched into a wire Magnetic = attraction of a magnet to iron Viscosity: the resistance of a fluid to flow Buoyancy: ability of a substance to float Physical Properties Behaviors

Extensive vs Intensive Properties Physical properties can be described as: Extensive – dependent on the amount of the substance Examples: mass, length, volume Intensive – independent on the amount Examples: density, scent Demo: float two pieces of wood of different lengths

Special Physical Properties Melting point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a given pressure water = 0 o C Boiling point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at a given pressure water = 100 o C

Chemical Properties Chemical property: describes how a substance interacts with other substances. Examples: FlammabiltyAbility to rust ReactivityCombustability AcidityBasicity

FLAMMABILITY: A material’s ability to BURN in the presence of OXYGEN

REACTIVITY: How readily (easily) a substance combines chemically with other substances.

Which has higher reactivity? A 14 karat gold ring or a cheap metal ring from the vending machine at the grocery store? What is your evidence?

Physical and Chemical Change Matter can change in two different ways 1. Physical Change 2. Chemical Change

(1) Physical Change Physical changes are those changes that do not result in the production of a new substance. If you melt a block of ice, you still have H 2 O at the end of the change.

Signs of physical change include: Changing the shape or size Dissolving State change (1) Physical Change

Phases of Matter PhaseShapeVolume SolidsDefinite shapeDefinite volume Particles packed together LiquidsIndefinite shapeDefinite volume Particles have room to move around GasesIndefinite shapeIndefinite volume Particles far apart

melting freezing condensing breaking crushing cutting bending Common examples of physical changes are:

Some, but not all physical changes can be reversed. You could refreeze the water into ice, but you cannot put your hair back together if you don’t like your haircut!

Chemical changes, or chemical reactions, are changes that result in the production of one or more new substances. (2) Chemical Change

Chemical Change Signs of a chemical change include: gas bubbles color change - leaves turning colors in the fall, rust appearing disappearance of color – fading fabric heat or light

When you burn a log in a fireplace, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that releases carbon. When you light your Bunsen burner in lab, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that produces water and carbon dioxide.

Common examples of chemical changes: digestionrespiration photosynthesisburning decomposition tarnishing rusting

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Light Light Energy CO 2 + H 2 O Chloroplast Sugars + O 2

Chemical Change: Cleaning tarnished silver Tarnish is silver sulfides that form from sulfur compounds in the air 

Only sure proof that a new substance is produced is a rapid release of energy – heat, light, and sound

WEATHERING – CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL CHANGE? = BOTH Forces of nature reshape Earth ’ s surface

Physical: Large rocks split when water freezes Doesn’t change the rock

Streams cut through softer rock Canyons

Chemical: Solid Calcium Carbonate, found in limestone, doesn’t dissolve easily React with acid (rain) Changes to a new substance (Calcium Hydrogen Carbonate) This does dissolve with water White Cliffs of Dover

Caves = stalactites and stalagmites

Law of Conservation of Mass Amongst all of this change, remember that Mass cannot be created nor destroyed.

Let’s practice Number your paper from and write if it is a physical or chemical change

Physical or Chemical Change? 1.Painting wood 2.Burning paper 3.Digestion of food 4.Sugar dissolving in water 5.Iron turning red when heated 6.Evaporation 7.Pond freezing in winter

Physical or Chemical Change? 8.Cutting wire 9.Painting fingernails 10.Cutting fabric 11.Baking muffins 12.Shattering glass 13.Decomposition of old leaves 14.Wrinkling of a shirt 15.Old nail rusting

Physical or Chemical Change? Painting Wood PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Burning Paper CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Digestion of food CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Sugar dissolving in water PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Iron turning red when heated PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Evaporation PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? A pond freezing in winter PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Cutting wire PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Painting fingernails PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Cutting fabric PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Baking muffins CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Shattering glass PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Decomposition of old leaves CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? Wrinkling a shirt PHYSICAL

Physical or Chemical Change? An old nail rusting CHEMICAL

Physical or Chemical Property? CombustibilityCPDensityPP MalleabilityPPTendency to corrode CP WeightPPVolumePP Failure to reactCPMelting pointPP DuctilityPPOdorPP TexturePPFlammabilityCP

Physical or Chemical Change? Digestion of foodCCExplosionsCC Getting a haircutPPLighting a candleCC EvaporationPCTarnishing silverCP Ice cube meltingPPFormation of acid rain CP Crushing rocksPPDissolving salt in water PP