7 The Modern History of Education in America

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Modern History of Education in America Each era’s historical events impact –expectations of the educational system –the public’s perception of it Some presidents have been more involved in educational policies, while others believe education should be left to individual states

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion What modern event do you believe has most influenced the evolution of education? Why? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Identify links between key federal education legislation and perceived threats to national security or prosperity. © Daniel W. Slocum/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. American Education During the 1940s and 1950s Teacher positions filled by women and African Americans during WWII Veterans attended college or received training with federal money from the GI Bill The children of the baby boom created the need for more schools and teachersbaby boom

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock Do you know anyone who was part of the baby boom? Do you know of other historical periods that resulted in “baby booms”?

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Keeping America Competitive Americans feared Soviets’ technological advantage The National Defense Education Act encouraged stronger math, science, and foreign language programs Homework requirements increased

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Trace the impact of the civil rights movement on American education. © Dave Newman/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Brown v. the Board of Education Up to this point, schools were “separate but equal” Court ruled that racial segregation of schools was unconstitutional Ruling was critical to the civil rights movement

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Behaviorism Educators embrace B.F. Skinner’s theory of behaviorism Appropriate behavior and achievement are rewarded; punishments are common

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. American Education During the 1960s Teenage baby boomers question conservatism Political turmoil, assassinations, and the civil rights movement Educational freedom spurred creative ideas for improvement

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Civil Rights Act Many schools continued to educate children separately The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation in public schools and public places © Junial Enterprises/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 sought to –improve schools most in need –give federal money to schools where poor children were enrolled –equalize educational opportunities

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Project Head Start Project Head Start was designed to help children from low-income familiesProject Head Start Preschool children develop skills needed for school success Today, Head Start programs may be coordinated with other programs

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Reflection Why do you think so much of the civil rights movement involved education? © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. American Education During the 1970s Divorce rate, number of single parents rise More women enter the workforce Unemployment, inflation rise Less disposable income means schools have less funding

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Desegregation and Busing Neighborhood schools tended to be divided by race Forced integration led to busing students to different schools

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Give examples of ways the civil rights movement prompted improved educational opportunities for other groups. © Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Bilingual Education The Supreme Court granted bilingual education to Spanish-speaking studentsbilingual education Language was a barrier to equal education Schools were ordered to provide basic English language classes for those with limited English skills

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Gender Equity The Equal Opportunity in Education Act prohibited discrimination based on gender in all programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance © Rob Marmiom/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Children with Disabilities In 1975, Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act –Guaranteed free education for children with disabilities –Education must be appropriate and take place in the least restrictive environment –Children with disabilities are able to spend at least part of their day in regular classrooms

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Research and evaluate the impact of educational reforms on teachers and students. © iofoto/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. American Education During the 1980s Regan and Bush believed the federal government’s role in education should be reduced Consumerism increased Baby boomers begin raising families

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Back-to-Basics Movement A federal report showed that the U.S. was falling behind other countries in business, science, and technology Millions of Americans were illiterateilliterate The back-to-basics movement called for emphasis on reading, writing, and mathback-to-basics movement

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Discussion Is the back-to-basics movement significantly different from education today? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objective Identify how educational changes in recent decades continue to shape education today. © iofoto/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. American Education During the 1990s and Beyond Technology played a major role Good economy, low unemployment Major challenges: –Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, leading to war –Financial crisis that began in 2008 and affected the global economyglobal economy

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Computer Revolution Computers weren’t in the classrooms until the mid-1990s © Roxanne McMillen/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Computer Revolution Computers became less expensive, more available, and essential Education is available to the student any convenient time and place

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Educational Standards and Accountability Educational standards help bring uniformity to educationEducational standards Teacher associations developed national standards for various subject areasnational standards Competency-based education provides an objective way of evaluating learningCompetency-based education continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Educational Standards and Accountability Setting standards led to a move toward accountability accountability Standardized tests can helpStandardized tests –compare students from different schools –determine which programs are working

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. For Reflection Do you think standardized tests truly measure student achievement? Why or why not? © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Goals 2000 Goals 2000 Act of 1994 established six educational goals to be reached by the year 2000 Implementation was left to states and local school districts

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. No Child Left Behind Act Goal: to improve the performance of U.S. schools Components include –increased accountability –more choices for parents choosing schools –increased focus on reading continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. No Child Left Behind Act Receipt of federal funds are tied to school performance © moshimochi/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. No Child Left Behind Act –Schools that succeed in meeting standards receive more money –Parents can move children to higher-achieving schools © Darrin Henry/Shutterstock continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. No Child Left Behind Act Concerns: –Schools already behind would become even more poorly funded –Teachers would spend most time preparing students for standardized tests Some states established more charter schoolscharter schools

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Competing in the Global Economy Concerns that the U.S. is losing its competitive edge –American jobs shifting to foreign workers –Math and science scores are falling –Many students do not complete high school Remaining competitive depends on a skilled and well-educated workforce

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Career Clusters Career clusters help prepare students to succeed in the workplaceCareer clusters Sixteen general areas with related career opportunities and knowledge and skill requirements continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Career Clusters The Career Clusters icons are being used with permission of: States’ Career Cluster Initiative, 2008,

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Points 1940s: War creates job opportunities for women, African Americans 1950s: Cold War prompts emphasis on science, technology, and foreign language education 1960s: The Civil Rights Act; focus on special education needs of children living in poverty continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Key Points 1970s: Busing, bilingual education, equality for genders, education for children with disabilities 1980s: Concern over lack of basic skills 1990s and later: Concern over America’s ability to compete; emphasis on standards, accountability; budget concerns

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What was the result of the case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?  Racial segregation violated the Constitution and public schools were ordered to desegregate. Why was busing started?  Neighborhoods tended to be divided by race, so schools were not desegregating continued

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Review What are educational standards?  Guidelines defining what students at various levels should know and be able to do What educational reform act was passed in 2001 with the goal to improve the performance of schools in the U.S.?  No Child Left Behind Act

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS accountability. Providing proof that standards, such as educational goals, are being achieved. baby boom. The great increase in births after the end of World War II. back-to-basics movement. Move toward focusing teaching on the basics of reading, writing, and math.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS bilingual education. Education in two languages. career clusters. Sixteen general career areas, each having a wide range of related opportunities.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS charter school. A public school that operates under a charter with freedom from many of the regulations that apply to traditional public schools. competency-based education. Teaching methods that require students to demonstrate their abilities in subject areas.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS educational standards. Statements of what students are expected to know and be able to do at certain points in their education. They are set by national organizations, states, and many school districts. Sometimes called instructional goals.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS global economy. The interconnection of economies of nations around the world through finance, international companies, and trade. illiterate. Unable to read or write.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS national standards. Standards of knowledge and skills to be mastered in specific subject areas. Project Head Start. A federal government program designed to help preschool children from low-income families develop the skills they need for success in kindergarten and beyond.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. GLOSSARY OF TERMS standardized tests. Tests that measure students’ performance compared to that of thousands of other students.