Song Chen Shabnam Mardani Minh Thao Nguyen Man Song Da Zhang Research Misconduct

CONTENT Introduction Definition and scope Typical forms Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism Countermeasures Prevention and sanction Summary

CONTENT Introduction Definition and scope Typical forms Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism Countermeasures Prevention and sanction Summary

Introduction The occurrence of research misconduct undermines confidence in published scientific results. For researches upon misconduct, people could suffer harm as a result. Negative consequences on the academic merit system. In the US, , the Office of Research Integrity received a total of 3571 report, only 165 of those cases is defined as fabrication, falsification. 4

Questions of definition and scope Definition Narrow sense: Research misconduct refers to obvious violation. Wider sense: it includes other forms of reprehensible behavior. Scope The choice between wide and narrow definitions is not only a matter of linguistic usage but also has consequences. 5

CONTENT Introduction Definition and scope Typical forms Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism Countermeasures Prevention and sanction Summary

Fabrication and Falsification Fabrication is making up results and recording or reporting them. This is sometimes referred to as "drylabbing". –Make research out of nothing. Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. 7

Features  Intention Intentionally manipulate, unintentionally mispresent  Ease of fabrication and falsification In many scientific fields, results are often difficult to reproduce accurately, being obscured by noise, artifacts, and other extraneous data.  Difficult to determine and prevent 8

Plagiarism Definition: Plagiarism in research entails a researcher using material (texts, ideas, hypotheses, designs, methods, data, results or conclusions) – consciously or through carelessness – in such a way that it presents a misleading picture of the researcher’s contribution to the project at hand Avoiding plagiarism: Credit the author and supply the printed source. Exception: Widly known knowledge. 9

Unpublished material and self-plagiarism Lectures given at large conference can be regarded as published. Presentation or lectures from small conferences, seminars are often considered as unpublished. Refer to your earlier results: state that the text has appeared in an ealier context. 10

CONTENT Introduction Definition and scope Typical forms Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism Countermeasures Prevention and sanction Summary

How to PREVENT misconduct High competition, high risk of misdonduct to ensure that the ethical awareness among researchers there is kept at a high level investigating suspicions of misconduct university’s vice- chancellor resposibility: following and discussing cases of misconduct that are revealed nationally or internationally at research environment A researcher who might be tempted to plagiarize or cheat in some other way can return to the right path if he or she knows that the risk of being discovered is great Recurring discussions and information at a department Active work with seminars at a department Colleagues: Non-related publication Faculty opponents: thesis Reviewers: journals Cheating is revealed by chance: 12

SANCTIONS for misconduct 1.Going public with established cases of misconduct 2. The established misconduct be followed by sanctions 3.Sanctions must naturally be proportionate to the nature of the misconduct: a change in the offender’s job description, transfer or even termination barring the offender from the use of laboratories for a time freezing funding removal from positions of trust 4.Repeated or more comprehensive research misconduct is more serious than a single case concerning only one detail 5.Background check for new funding 13

CONTENT Introduction Definition and scope Typical forms Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism Countermeasure Prevention and sanction Summary

Conclusions Definition, scope and jeopardy of research misconduct Huge negative impact on academic evaluation and tremendous harm to integrity of the research activity Typical scenarios and their features Fabrication and falsification couldn’t be discerned readily Countermeasures 1. Sturdy prevention mechanism is effective but not enough 2. Necessity of sanctions 15

What is done by night appears by day, so 16