Cities

Urban Geography Why/How are cities alike and different? Why/How are cities alike and different? What are the regular patterns of urban development What are the regular patterns of urban development What are the social, economic, & political trends of urban versus non-urban spaces What are the social, economic, & political trends of urban versus non-urban spaces

What is a “city”? Davis (1973): Cities are “concentrations of many people located close together for residential and productive purposes” Davis (1973): Cities are “concentrations of many people located close together for residential and productive purposes” Saunders (1986): “Cities are places where large numbers of people live and work” Saunders (1986): “Cities are places where large numbers of people live and work” Elliot and McCrone (1982): Cities are “a very special human institution (or if you prefer, a complex of institutions)” Elliot and McCrone (1982): Cities are “a very special human institution (or if you prefer, a complex of institutions)”

Census Requirements United States: population of 2,500 + United States: population of 2,500 + Japan: population of 30,000 + Japan: population of 30,000 + Italy and Turkey: population of 10,000 + Italy and Turkey: population of 10,000 + India: population of 5,000 + India: population of 5,000 + Australia: population of 1,000 + Australia: population of 1,000 + Sweden and Iceland: population of Sweden and Iceland: population of 200 +

Characteristics of a city Densely populated Densely populated Pluralistic / Heterogeneous Pluralistic / Heterogeneous Permanent settlements Permanent settlements rely on surplus, specialization, and trade to survive rely on surplus, specialization, and trade to survive

Geographic Characteristics Access to resources Access to resources Defensive capabilities Defensive capabilities Ease of transportation and potential for trade Ease of transportation and potential for trade Historic significance Historic significance Pilgrimage sites Pilgrimage sites

Types of Cities Planned Cities – Illustrate power and authority Planned Cities – Illustrate power and authority Commercial Cities – Based on trade Commercial Cities – Based on trade Cosmic Cities – Express a rulers power, often through worship Cosmic Cities – Express a rulers power, often through worship Sacred Cities – Grows based on a person, place or event Sacred Cities – Grows based on a person, place or event Colonial Cities – Built to support colonial powers Colonial Cities – Built to support colonial powers

Beijing - Planned

Malaka - Commercial

Xian - Cosmic

Jerusalem - Sacred

Mumbai - Colonial

Manaus, Brazil

Urban Development Theories to Explain Development

Burgess’ Concentric Zone Theory

Hoyt’s Sector Model

Hoyt’s Sectors Sector A: Central Business District Sector A: Central Business District Sector B1: Light Manufacturing Sector B1: Light Manufacturing Sector B2: Low Class Residential Homes Sector B2: Low Class Residential Homes Sector C: Middle Class Housing Sector C: Middle Class Housing Sector D: Commuter Zone Sector D: Commuter Zone Sector E: Countryside Sector E: Countryside

Hoyt’s Sector Model Hoyt recognizes the influence transportation has on different socio-economic groups. Hoyt recognizes the influence transportation has on different socio-economic groups. Common for low-income households to be near railroad lines and commercial businesses. Why might this be? Common for low-income households to be near railroad lines and commercial businesses. Why might this be?

Multiple Nuclei Model Harris & Ullman No clear single CBD in this type of model. Increased Car ownership Related industries locate near each other.

Urbanization an increase in the proportion of a population living in urban places an increase in the proportion of a population living in urban places the process(es) of city creation and/or growth the process(es) of city creation and/or growth

To Do: Worksheet Worksheet Analysis of Urban Development Models Analysis of Urban Development Models

White Flight Problems with the Inner City

Inner City Usually refers to the poorest parts of major metropolis centers Usually refers to the poorest parts of major metropolis centers Doesn’t necessarily refer to the geographic location of the neighborhood Doesn’t necessarily refer to the geographic location of the neighborhood AKA – ghetto AKA – ghetto AKA - slum AKA - slum

The Great Migration First Great Migration First Great Migration 1915 – – M African-Americans moved out of the South 1.3M African-Americans moved out of the South Second Great Migration Second Great Migration M + 5M +

Urban Enterprise Zones Developed by Jack Kemp Developed by Jack Kemp encourage development in blighted neighborhoods by offering entrepreneurs and investors tax and regulatory relief if they start businesses in the area. It is an area where companies can locate free of certain local, state, and Federal taxes and restrictions encourage development in blighted neighborhoods by offering entrepreneurs and investors tax and regulatory relief if they start businesses in the area. It is an area where companies can locate free of certain local, state, and Federal taxes and restrictions Wikipedia Wikipedia

Promise of Chicago

Discrimination in the Housing Market

The Great Migration & the American Dream

New Great Migration African-Americans return to the South African-Americans return to the South Causes: Causes: Deindustrialization of N and MW Deindustrialization of N and MW Improved race relations Improved race relations High quality jobs High quality jobs

Suburban Sprawl

Decentralization Suburbanization & Sun-Beltization Suburbanization & Sun-Beltization benefits of agglomeration decrease benefits of agglomeration decrease labor cost differentials--couple with transportation improvements--make sunbelt more attractive labor cost differentials--couple with transportation improvements--make sunbelt more attractive Mostly manufacturing decentralization--not decisionmaking Mostly manufacturing decentralization--not decisionmaking some regional decision-making & corporate complexes do emerge i.e., Atlanta & Dallas some regional decision-making & corporate complexes do emerge i.e., Atlanta & Dallas

Spin on Sprawl