Kingdom: PROTISTA Chapter 20 UNIT 4 – Part 1: Protists & Fungi

REVIEW: Eukaryotic Cell Where is the DNA located? What type of organelles do they have? Size compared to prokaryotes?

ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Lynn Margulis: Hypothesized that the FIRST Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells… By SYMBIOSIS… when two organisms depend on each other for survival. The Endosymbiotic Theory (Examples…) MITOCHONDRIA (cell developed into organelle) Originally a prokaryotic cell that used aerobic respiration to provide energy for the host cell... Host cell provided shelter CHLOROPLASTS (cell developed into organelle) Originally a prokaryotic cell that used photosynthesis to make food for host cell…

EVIDENCE for Endosymbiotic Theory ORGANELLES Mitochondria & Chloroplast Similar size and structure of Bacteria Have Ribosomes… MEMBRANE Double membrane similar to Bacteria DNA Contain own DNA, circular in structure like bacteria Makes own proteins REPRODUCTION Replicate/divides on own through process of binary fission (like bacteria)

“Protista” means very First. Very First Eukaryotes, which gave rise to Fungi, Plants, and Animals

Characteristics Of PROTIST EUKARYOTIC CELLS: Unicellular and Multicellular Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Classified best by what the are NOT: Not ANIMALS because… No period of embryonic development Not PLANTS because No structures that protect gametes Not FUNGI because No chitin in cell walls

ANIMAL-like PROTIST (Protozoans) QUALITIES similar to animals Motion, heterotrophic, sexual reproduction Protozoans “first animals” Classified bases on LOCOMATION ZOOFLAGELLATES Flagella (used to swim) SARCODINES Pseudopod (false foot) CILIATES Cilia (move like tiny oars) SPOROZOANS (none)

Examples of Animal-Like Prostist Trichonympha (zooflagellate) Live in gut of Termite and help digest cellulose (example of a symbiotic relationship) Amoeba (sarcodine) Amebic Dysentery is caused by an amoeba… spread by contaminated drinking water… Attack intestinal wall and cause sever diarrhea & bleeding Paramecium (ciliate) Is a predator of the microscopic world. Plasmodium (sporozoan) Found in salivary glands of mosquitoes (Malaria)

Plasmodium… (continued) Cause MALARIA in humans Transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito (plasmodium living in salivary glands) Plasmodium Sporozoites go to liver (incubate 10days) Enter blood stream destroying RBCs… toxins released causing chills and fever There are Drugs to treat malaria, but some strains are resistant Individuals who are Heterozygous for Sickle Cell are immune…

ZOOFLAGELLATE PARAMECIUM AMEOBA

Plasmodium Life Cycle… Causing Malaria Mosquito bites human, injecting saliva that contains Plasmodium sporozoites Plasmodium undergoes several stages of development in mosquito’s body Plasmodium sporozoites Sporozoites infect liver cells Anopheles mosquito bites infected human and picks up Plasmodium cells Liver Infected liver cells burst, releasing Plasmodium cells that infect red blood cells Infected red blood cells burst, releasing Plasmodium cells; some can infect other red blood cells, and others can infect mosquitoes Plasmodium cells Red blood cells Go to Section:

PLANT-like PROTIST ( Algae ) QUALITIES similar to PLANTS Chloroplasts, autotroph, carry out photosynthesis CHLOROPHYLL – pigment that traps energy from light Commonly called ALGAE Classified bases on Accessory PIGMENTS 4 Types of Unicellular 3 Types of Multicellular

Examples of Unicellular Plant-Like Euglena (Euglenophyte)… move w/ flagella Contain chloroplast (autotrophs) Also Can ingest food when no light (heterotrophs), uses eye spot to locate light Dinoflagellates (“fire plants”) Bioluminescent (produce light)… Large masses (algal blooms) cause “RED TIDES” Toxins caused by “RED TIDES” accumulate in shell fish Diatoms (very beautiful) Cell walls have silicon (found in glass) Main marine producer; water quality indicator

EUGLENA DIATOMS DINOFLAGELLATE

RED TIDES ( cased by Dinoflagellates) When shellfish are Eaten by humans, Can causes paralytic Shellfish poisoning, A deadly Neurological Disease….

Examples of Multicellular Plant-Like RED algae Play an important role in formation (stabilizing) coral reefs (salt water) BROWN algae Found in shallow coastal waters, form giant floating mats (km long)… Also giant kelp (salt water) GREEN algae Most similar to plants… cell walls have cellulose & store food in form of starch Many are single cells that live as colonies… some are multicellular (fresh and salt water)

RED ALGAE

BROWN ALGAE GIANT KELP

GREEN ALGAE VOLVOX

ALGAE - ECOLOGICAL IMPACT PHYTOPLANKTON Algae is the major component; found near surface of ocean… BASE of aquatic food chain (“grass of the sea”) PHOTOSYNTHESIS Algae produces HALF of earth’s OXYGEN ALGAL BLOOM Most are harmless… But can deplete water of nutrients ROB water of oxygen… killing fish “RED TIDE” – contaminates shellfish

PHYTOPLANKTON

ALGAE – HUMAN USES NUTRIENT AGAR TREAT HEALTH PROBLEMS FOODS Made from seaweed to grow bacteria TREAT HEALTH PROBLEMS Rich in Vitamin C and Iron Stomach Ulcers High Blood Pressure Arthritis FOODS Nori (sushi, wraps fish etc…) Ice cream Salad dressing Pudding Candy bars

FUNGUS-like PROTIST QUALITIES similar to FUNGI Heterotrophic (consume dead and decaying matter) Produce spores Live in damp, nutrient rich environments Classified into Groups Slime Molds Water Molds

FUNGUS –LIKE - ECOLOGICAL IPMACT RECYCLERS Key role in breaking down dead and decaying matter TOPSOIL Provides nutrient rich topsoil WATER MOLDS In water, beneficial decomposers… On land, are Plant Parasites… cause mildew or blight (grapes, potatoes, & tomatoes)

SLIME MOLD WATER MOLD POTATOE BLIGHT