Do Now On a piece of paper: What are the states of matter? Name one characteristic of each type of matter. Work alone and converse with a partner one you have your list.

What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter can not be created or destroyed, only changed. Chemistry is the study of change of matter.

Intensive vs. Extensive Intensive - DOES NOT depend on amount Ex: boiling point, density Extensive – DOES depend on amount Ex: mass, volume

Physical vs. Chemical Physical Change – does not involve a change in the identity of the substance Chemical Change – one or more substances are converted into different substance REACTANTS become PRODUCTS

The Periodic Table Vertical columns = “Groups/Families” Similar chemical properties Total of 18 Horizontal rows = “Periods” In numerical atomic number order.

6 Atomic # C Carbon Element Symbol Atomic Weight Element name

Metals Good conductors of heat and electricity Found of LEFT side of Metalloids Characteristics Mostly solids at room temp. Strong/Durable Silvery or grayish luster

Nonmetals Poor conductors of heat and electricity Found on RIGHT side of Metalloids Characteristics Gases at room temperature Brittle in solid form

Metalloids Characteristics of metals and nonmetals A “staircase” that separates the metals from the nonmetals Characteristics Solids at room temp Less durable than metals but not brittle Semiconductors of electricity

Classify Each of the Following 1. Pure metals have a high luster (they are shiny and reflect light) 2. The surfaces of some metals become dull when exposed to air 3. Nitrogen gas can form nitrogen oxides at high temperatures (automobile engine)

Classify Each of the Following 4. Milk turns sour if left too long at room temperature 5. Diamonds are hard enough to be used as a coating for drill bits 6. Metals are typically ductile (can be drawn into wires)

Classify Each of the Following 7. Leavened bread dough increases in volume if it is allowed to rise before baking 8. Unreactive argon gas, rather than air, is used to fill many light bulbs to prevent the metal filament wire inside from being oxidized 9. Generally, metals are better conductors of heat and electricity than nonmetals

Chapter 2

The Scientific Method Observing and collecting data Formulating hypotheses Testing hypotheses Theorizing

SI Measurements Le Systeme International d'Unites Agreed upon in 1960 for worldwide use SI Base Units and Derived Units (see handouts)

Mass vs. Weight Mass: amount of matter Doesn't change based on location Measured on a balance Weight: gravitational pull Depends on the distance from the center of the earth Measured on a spring scale

Density How massive objects are for their size Example: ball of cork vs. ball of lead SI Units: kg/m 3 (useful for gases, not for solids or liquids) Instead: g/cm 3 or g/mL NOTE: Density depends on temperature because substances expand as temperature increases.

Accuracy vs. Precision Accuracy: how close to the true value? Precision: how close to other measurements?

Error in Measurement Always exists because: 1. Skill of the measurer 2. Limitations of the instrument You should always estimate one place beyond the digits that are certain (significant figures)

Percent Error Calculated to determine accuracy of a measurement Example: The boiling points of water is measured to be 105.2°C. Calculate the percent error.

Direct Proportions Two quantities are directly proportional to each other if dividing one by the other gives a constant (y/x = k).

Inverse Proportions Two quantities are inversely proportional to each other if there product is a constant (xy = k).