The Scramble for Africa p. 339-344

Objectives Describe Africa before European domination Summarize the motives of European colonizers and the factors that allowed them to control Africa Identify three groups that clashed in South Africa

Agricultural Revolution Enlightenment Scientific Revolution Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Nationalism Imperialism Seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

Africa Before European Domination Nations Compete for Overseas Empires The Congo Sparks Interest 100s of ethic groups Speaking different languages With different cultures Large empires & individual villages Europe had largely been kept out of Africa 1880 – only 10%, mainly coast, was controlled by Europeans David Livingstone ----- Henry Stanley “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Exploration of the Congo River sparks King Leopold II of Belgium 1879-1882 Stanley signs treaties giving control of the Congo to Belgium

Africa Before European Domination The Congo Sparks Interest King Leopold II Claimed to be establishing the colony to abolish slavery Exploited Africans through forced labor for rubber 10,000,000 Congolese died under Leopold’s rule France & Britain become alarmed Treaty give France north bank of Congo River Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal begin making claims in Africa

Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European Superiority Social, Political, and Economic forces drove colonization Industrialization Created a need for more Lands to be controlled Markets Raw materials Nationalism Each country was determined to plant its flag in as much of the world as possible Racism Belief that one race is superior to others Social Darwinism The application of Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” into human the social order

Forces Driving Imperialism Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Technology Maxim gun “Whatever happens, we have got The Maxim gun, and they have not.” Steam Engine Disease Malaria Carried by mosquitoes Languages Huge variations in tongues and cultures Made it difficult to organize resistance and discouraged unity European began to play upon rivalries

The Division of Africa South Africa Diamonds Gold 1867 1886 Berlin Divides Africa South Africa Diamonds 1867 Gold 1886 Berlin Conference 1884/1885 14 European Nations Countries could lay claim in Africa by notifying and showing control Treaties Buildings Personnel No Africans involved 1914 – only Liberia & Ethiopia free

The Division of Africa Cash Crops Displaced food crops Peanuts Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies Africans were not buying European goods Raw materials were still abundant Belgian Congo Copper Tin South Africa Diamonds gold Cash Crops Peanuts Palm oil Cocoa Rubber Displaced food crops

Three Groups Clash Over South Africa Zulus Fight the British Shaka Zulu King whose disciplines and well organized army created a large centralized state Battle of Ulundi Zulus armed with spears and shields almost defeat the armed British Zulus lose control of the nation to the British

Three Groups Clash Over South Africa Boers and the British Settle in the Cape Boers Afrikaners Dutch Farmers 1st to settle the Cap of Good Hope British took control in early 1800s Disputs between the two followed over land and slaves Great Trek Movement North To escape the British Boers began to move Soon were fighting the Zulus and other African tribes

Three Groups Clash Over South Africa The Boer War Boer War South African War 1st modern total war To try to keep “outsiders” from gaining political power Commando raids & gorilla tactics by Boers British burned farmers, imprisoned women & children Concentration camps Black Africans Many fought on the side of the Boers When captures the were herded in to concentrations camp 14,000+ died in the camps British win 1910 Boer republics absorbed in the Union of South Africa Signaled a change in life for the Africans

How did many linguistic and ethnic groups contribute to European colonization? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why did colonization of Africa begin in the Congo? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How did the Industrial Revolution lead to European Colonization? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What basic assumption of Social Darwinism would Africans most likely disagree with? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Why were there no African rulers invited to the Berlin Conference? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How did colonization change African’s basic economy? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

How did the Boer War differ from other patterns of colonization in Africa? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________