Probability: Part 2 Sampling Distributions Wed, March 17 th 2004
Sampling Distribution wA theoretical distribution that allows us to calculate probability of our sample stats –Can then generalize from sample pop Ex) pop of 2,4,6,8 y = 5 (mu = pop mean) Draw random sample of N=2 from that pop and get 4 and 6, ybar = 5 (pretty good representation of pop mean!)… but if we drew 8 and 8, ybar = 8 (not so good) The difference betw sample estimate and population parameter = sampling error
(cont.) wHow much confidence should we have in our sample estimate of the pop parameter? wSampling distribution – gives probabilities of all possible sample values –Found by taking all possible random samples of size N from pop, compute their means plot
example wCan do this for all possible combinations of N=2 (w/replacement) and calculate ybar each time: ybarf 21(1 way to get ybar=2, 2 then 2) 32(could pull 2 then 4, or 4 then 2) 43etc… …if you plot this distribution it is your sampling distribution!
Mean of Sampling Distrib. wSampling distribution also has a mean and std dev: – ybar = mean of samp distrib = pop mean –Standard deviation of samp distrib is called the standard error: ybar = y / sqrt N …where y is standard dev of pop (sigma) Represents average distance between pop & sample means
Central Limit Theorem wAs N increases, sampling distribution has less variability & looks like a normal curve wAs N increases, mean of samp distribution = mean of population wUsually when N> 30 sampling distrib will be normal
(cont.) wGiven this, we’ll use the sampling distribution to find out how probable (or improbable/unusual) our 1 sample happens to be –Is it a good representation of the pop or not? Use probability to determine wAs N increases, standard error decreases & we’ll be more confident in our sample estimate
Sample Likelihood wUse z scores, now to find the likelihood of a sample mean (rather than an individual score) w1 st find mean & standard error For IQ test, what is prob of group of 9 students has mean >= 112? Pop mean = 100, y = 15 1 st, need samp distrib mean & standard error
(cont.) Ybar (m in lab) = 100 Ybar ( x or s in lab) = 15 / sqrt (9) = 5 Z = ybar - / ybar Z = / 5 = 2.4 Use unit normal table to find probability of z=2.4, p =.0082 So very unlikely (.0082) to get a sample of 9 students w/average IQ of 112 from pop with = 100