Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 01 A View of Life Chapter 1: pp. 1 - 24 A View of Life

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 01 Outline A View of Life Defining Life - Emergent Properties Materials and Energy Reproduction and Development Adaptations and Natural Selection Classification Organization and Diversity Natural Selection

Outline Biosphere Organization The Scientific Method Human Population Biodiversity The Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Data Conclusion Scientific Theory

Defining Life Living things: Same chemical elements Obey the same physical and chemical laws Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or Multi-cellular). The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things Cells are produced from preexisting cells Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions

Defining Life Living organisms can be Microscopic: Bacteria Paramecium Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular): Snow goose Humans Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bacteria Paramecium Morel Sunflower Snow goose (Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis; (Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography

Defining Life Each level of organization has Emergent Properties Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere) Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it Emergent properties: Interactions between the parts making up the whole All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

Levels of Biological Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Biosphere Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things A community plus Ecosystem the physical environment Community Interacting populations in a particular area Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems Organ System Composed of several organs working together Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

Characteristics of Living Things What characteristics do all living things share? are made up of basic units called cells, are based on a universal genetic code, [DNA] obtain and use materials and energy, [metabolism] grow and develop, reproduce, [sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction] respond to their environment, [stimulus] maintain a stable internal environment, [homeostasis] and change over time. [Evolutionary change]

Living Things: Acquire & Process Food Energy – required to maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes The sun: Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to carry on photosynthesis Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic Molecules) Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in an organism. Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

Acquiring Nutrients food a. d. e. b. c. f. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. food a. d. e. b. c. f. a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush Photography; d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

Living Things: Respond to Stimuli Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results movement Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals Even leaves of plants follow sun Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

Living Things: Reproduce and Develop Organisms live and die All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued existence and maintain population In most multicellular organisms reproduction: Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization) Followed by cell division and differentiation Developmental instructions encoded in genes Composed of DNA Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

Living Things: Adapt to Change Adaptation Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life Organisms become modified over long period time Respond to environmental changes by developing new adaptations However, organisms very similar at basic level Suggests living things descended from same ancestor Descent with modification - Evolution Caused by natural selection

Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology Despite diversity, organisms share the same basic characteristics Composed of cells organized in a similar manner Their genes are composed of DNA Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire energy This suggests that they are descended from a common ancestor

Classification Taxonomy: Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized evolutionary relationships Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive: Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it (e.g. kingdom)

Levels of Classification

Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes Extreme aquatic environments Eukarya Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 01 A View of Life Domains I made this figure as a draft. I could replace it by a better one or if you do have a similar figure add it here.

Evolutionary Tree of Life Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. BACTERIA common ancestor (first cells) ARCHAEA Protists Photosynthetic protist Plants cell with nucleus EUKARYA Fungi Heterotrophic Protist Animals common ancestor Past Present Time

Domains: The Archaea Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Adaptations to extreme environments Absorb or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical characteristics Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon 1.6 m © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Domains: The Bacteria Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Prokaryotic cells of various shapes Adaptations to all environments Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food Unique chemical characteristics 1.5 m Escherichia coli, a bacterium © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Kingdoms Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Protists KINGDOM: Plants Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular) Absorb, photosynthesize, or ingest food Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells Photosynthesize food 1 m Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan r KINGDOM: Fungi KINGDOM: Animals Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells Absorb food1 Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells Ingest food Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom V ulpes, a red fox (Protist): © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): © Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): © Rob Planck/Tom Stack; (Animal): © Royalty-Free/Corbis

Scientific Names Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo sapience Universal Latin-based First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. sapience Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens) Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia coli as E. coli

Natural Selection Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure. Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population. Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

Organization of the Biosphere Population - Members of a species within an area Community - A local collection of interacting populations Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators

Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heat solar energy heat heat heat heat heat WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH, AND DECOMPOSITION Chemical cycling Energy flow

Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a. Healthy coral reef 1975 Minimal coral death 1985 Some coral death with no fish present 1995 Coral bleaching with limited chance of recovery 2004 Coral is black from sedimentation; bleaching still evident b. a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan

Human Populations Humans modify ecosystems Humans negative impact on ecosystems: Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing, industry, etc. Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc. However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for Food Medicines Raw materials Other ecosystem processes

Biodiversity Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist Abundance of species estimated about 15 million. The variability of their genes, and The ecosystems in which they live Extinction is: The death of the last member of a species Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

The Scientific Method Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research. Begins with observation Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to observe animal behavior Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use microscope to see microorganisms Take advantage of prior studies Hypothesis A tentative explanation for what was observed Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general

The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Observation New observations are made, and previous data are studied. Hypothesis Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement. Experiment/Observations Conclusion The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. Scientific Theory Many experiments and observations support a theory. Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

The Scientific Method: Experimentation Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged If not, hypothesis is unsupportable

The Scientific Method The results are analyzed and interpreted Conclusions are what the scientist thinks caused the results Findings must be reported in scientific journals Peers review the findings and the conclusions Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

The Scientific Method: Results Results or Data Observable, objective results from an experiment Qualitative Observation – observations identifying or describing components Quantitative Observations – observations identifying the amounts or proportions of components

Scientific Theory Scientific Theory: Scientific Principle / Law: Joins together two or more related hypotheses Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data Scientific Principle / Law: Widely accepted set of theories No serious challenges to validity

Controlled Experiments Experimental (Independent) variable Applied one way to experimental group Applied a different way to control group Response (Dependent) variable Variable that is measured to generate data Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental group

Controlled Experiments Hypothesis- a tentative explanation a scientist proposes for a scientific phenomenon that has been observed Variable - a factor that may be changed and affect the experiment Independent Variable - a factor purposefully changed in an experiment Dependent Variable – a factor measured for changes due to changes in the independent variable ( your results!) Constant – all other variables Control – an experimental group that is the basis for comparison, often with an I.V. value of zero. Trials – repeating experimental group conditions to improve statistical reliability

Retrospective study – analysis of records and data collected in the past or recalling past events (hard to have a true control group) Prospective study – the study is designed before the data is collected.

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 01 Review A View of Life Defining Life - Emergent Properties Materials and Energy Reproduction and Development Adaptations and Natural Selection Biosphere Organization Human Population Biodiversity Classification The Scientific Method

Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chapter 01 A View of Life A View of Life