Why study GRAMMAR?

What Is GRAMMAR? Grammar is the system of a language. Grammar is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. Think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. You can use grammar like a signpost or a map in finding the way.

Why study GRAMMAR? GREAT GRAMMAR leads to: your being a better listener, speaker, reader, writer and communicator. better relationships and job prospects. logic and reasoning in communication skills. your own writing style.

Why study GRAMMAR? GREAT GRAMMAR leads to: your being a better listener, speaker, reader, writer and communicator. better relationships and job prospects. logic and reasoning in communication skills. your own writing style.

English grammar is the science which treats of the nature of words, their forms, and their uses and relations in the sentence. It makes rules to tell us how to use words. It is a record of usage which we ought to follow. It is concerned with the forms of the language. Grammar teaches the laws of language, and the right method of using it in speaking and writing. – Patterson

Nine Parts of Speech Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Conjunctions Prepositions Verbs Interjections Articles

A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement Linking Subject predicate

Every sentence must have Every sentence must have a a

Kinds of Verbs Action verbs express mental or physical action. Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. He rode the horse to victory. He has been sick.

The importance for correct VERB TENSE Clear and easy to understand Consistency To express the event with proper verb tenses

The VERB has characteristics of: TENSE MOOD VOICE ASPECT Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).

There are three times that can be indicated by verb tenses in English: present past future There are three “aspects” that can be expressed:  simple (indefinite)  perfect (completion – before the time of focus)  progressive (or continuous) (duration – in progress at the time of focus)

NOW FUTURE PAST

The Twelve Traditional Tenses

Present SIMPLE (Indefinite) It is used to signal the following meanings: Habitual actions in the present. He walks to class every day. General timeless truths. Water freezes at 0 degrees centigrade. The Earth is round. Sensory or mental perception in the present. I see a sign in the corner. I know that Charlotte is a teacher. Narrative present Marc hits the ball and falls over. Schedule, timetable Classes begin at 9. Sense verbs (hear, see, sound, taste, feel) The skunk smells bad

Present SIMPLE (Indefinite) It is used to signal the following meanings: always every day/week/year most of the time usually sometimes often half of the time frequently occasionally rarely seldom hardly ever never (forever)

Past SIMPLE (Indefinite) It is used to signal the following meanings: A definite completed action in the past. He flew to the UK on Saturday. Habitual action in the past. Chris jogged to work every day last year. A situation that applied in the past with the implication that it no longer applies in the present. Professor Walker lectured at Keele for 30 years. EXPRESSION OF TIME!!!

Past SIMPLE (Indefinite) It is used to signal the following meanings: Yesterday Last … … ago Last year/month/week In 1990

Present Progressive (Continuous) It is used to signal the following meanings: Action in progress at the moment of speaking They are eating their lunch now. A temporary present occupation or activity She is studying at Keele University now. Repetition in a series of similar ongoing actions Skippy is pushing the football around the garden. Complaints about bad habits She is always grumbling. Planned action in the nearest future We are meeting our friends tomorrow. Situations which are changing or developing around the present Computers are becoming more and more important.

Present Progressive at present moment at 5 o’clock a.m. presently for now currently right now this month this semester this year just now as we speak for a little while

Past Progressive (Continuous) It is used to signal the following meanings: Action in progress at exact time I was sleeping when he came. While I was eating the telephone rang. The actions in progress simultaneously While I was studying, she was watching TV. Description in narrative I looked out of the window. The sun was shining brightly.. (Always) repeated actions-criticism When a child she was always loosing things.

Present Perfect The present perfect is used when: the time period has not finished I have seen three movies this week. (This week has not finished yet.) the time is not mentioned (new information, life experience, the action in the past): Gerry has failed his exam again. I’ve cut my finger the time is recent: Ikuko has just arrived in Victoria. with for and since. Greg has lived here for 20 years. Greg has lived here since 1978.

Present Perfect a number of times repeatedly several times often for (quantity of time) over (quantity of time) since, ever since (specific date or time) so far up to now until now to date for (quantity of time) over (quantity of time) since, ever since (specific date or time ) just recently not long ago already yet to date until this moment since noon (exact time) since this morning since July 2003 since yesterday since the 1900s ever since I met you this morning (hours ongoing) this week (days ongoing) this year (days ongoing) this decade (years ongoing) this century (years ongoing) for two minutes (quantity) for an hour for three days over the past 3 years in my life (current) in these times (current)

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