The ‘long hot summer effect’ Carlsmith and Anderson (1979)

Heat and Aggression 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Below 70 70-79 80-89 90 and above Players hit per game temperature Number of players hit during major league baseball games

Homicide definitions Homicide The killing of a human being by the act, procurement or omission of another, death occurring within three years and a day and is either 1) murder, 2) homicide by abuse, 3) manslaughter, 4) excusable homicide, or 5) justifiable homicide

Murder in the first degree With premeditated intent Under circumstances manifesting an extreme indifference to human life, During the attempt or commission of robbery in the 1st or 2nd , rape in the 1st or 2nd degree, burglary in the 1st degree, arson in the 1st degree, or kidnapping in the 1st or 2nd degree or during the flight there from he/she causes death.

Murder in the second degree With the intent to kill, but not premeditated During the attempt or commission of any felony except as above, or in the flight there from he causes death..

Homicide by abuse Under circumstances manifesting an extreme indifference to human life, the person causes the death of another person under 16 y.o., a D.D. person, or a dependent adult, and the person has previously engaged in a pattern of assault or torture of the victim

Manslaughter in the first degree Recklessly causing the death of another person or intentionally and unlawfully kills an unborn child by inflicting injury upon the mother.

Manslaughter in the second degree With criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person.

Excusable homicide When committed by accident or misfortune in doing any lawful act by lawful means, without criminal neglect or without any unlawful intent..

Justifiable homicide When a public officer is acting in obedience to the judgment of a competent court When necessarily used by a peace officer to overcome resistance to the execution of the legal process, mandate, or order of a court or officer, or in the discharge of legal duty When necessarily used by peace officer or person acting under the officer’s command and tin the officer’s aid Has probably cause to believe the suspect, if not apprehended poses a serious threat to the officer or others In the lawful defense of the slayer or any person in his presence.

Aggravated first degree murder victim was a law enforcement officer, correctional officer, or firefighter who was performing his official duties and the murderer should have known who the victim was At the time of the death the murder was serving a term of imprisonment, had escaped, was on authorized or unauthorized At the time of the death of the murderer was in custody in a jail and had been found guilty of a felony Was paid or was expected to be paid for the killing, Paid or expected to pay someone else to do the killing

Aggravated first degree murder, cont. The victim was a: judge, juror or former juror; prospective, current, or former witness in an adjudicative proceeding; prosecuting attorney, deputy prosecuting attorney, defense attorney, a member of parole board, or a probation/parole officer The person committed the crime to conceal another crime There was more than one victim and the murders were part of a common plan The murder was committed in the course or flight thereof of one of the crimes listed in murder 1st degree Victim was regularly employed as a news reporter and the murder was committed to obstruct or hinder the investigative, research, or reporting activities of the victim.

Is anyone capable of violence? Stanley Milgrom: experiments