Exploration & Expansion Chapter 2 Section 1

Essential Question: What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

What new ideas and technologies helped cause the Age of Exploration? Learning Target: What new ideas and technologies helped cause the Age of Exploration?

What Sparked all this exploring? Aka (Age of Exploration) Discovery & innovation were encouraged during the Renaissance Europeans wanted to discover new lands and new trade routes

Motivation to Explore Searching for wealth Fame & glory Spices, silk, perfume, & jade Brought from China Fame & glory Spread their faith Introduce new people to Christian teachings Curiosity People intrigued by those people who had explored before

Advances in Technology Created in Europe during the Renaissance Chinese & Muslims Astrolabe – calculate position in the sea based on the position of the stars & horizon Compass – indicated north Deep-draft ships Rode lower in the water Could withstand heavier waves More cargo space

Caravel – light, fast sailing ship Steered with a rudder at back of ship Triangular sails that could be turned to catch the wind Could be equipped with weapons

Essential Question: What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

Learning Target: What explorers played a key role in the age of exploration & what effects came from their exploration?

The Portuguese Portugal – 1st country explore on large scale Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry) Supporter of those who wanted to explore Sent explorers to different parts of the world West – islands in the Atlantic South – West coast of Africa Ultimate goal was to find water route around Africa to India

Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama First European to sail Successfully made it to India Helped discover trade ports along African coast Bartolomeu Dias First European to sail around tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope)

The Spanish Christopher Columbus Financed by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella Believed he could sail west & reach China Reached the Caribbean after 2 months at sea Columbus thought he’d reached India Made 3 return trips in his lifetime

Amerigo Vespucci Vasco Nunez Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Realized that Columbus was wrong and had actually discovered a new land America Vasco Nunez Balboa Led expedition across Panama First European to see the Pacific Ocean Ferdinand Magellan 1519 leaves with 5 ships, 250 men Killed in the Philippines by Natives Sept. 8 – 18 survivors reach Spain again First people to circumnavigate the world

English Explorers John Cabot Sir Francis Drake Henry Hudson (1607) Sailed to the eastern coast of Canada Fleet of ships disappeared on 2nd trip Sir Francis Drake Explored west coast (California) Tried to find northern route, got too cold, turned west 2nd man to circumnavigate the world Henry Hudson (1607) Wanted to find N.E. passage around Europe

French Jacques Cartier (1534) Dutch Henry Hudson (1609) Searching for N.W. passage around America’s Claimed land around St. Lawrence river (New France) Canada Dutch Henry Hudson (1609) Looking for N.W. passage Explored the NY river & Husdon Bay

Conquest & Colonies Chapter 2 Sec. 2

Essential Question: What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

Learning Target: What colonies were established during exploration and what countries explored these new territories?

Settling in the new world Spain was one of the first to establish successful settlements

Effects of encomienda system Caribbean Islands Introduced encomienda system (def.) colonist is given land and Native Americans to work it for him Colonists were required to teach natives about Christianity Effects of encomienda system Natives were overworked & mistreated Diseases spread – small pox, tuberculosis, measles

Mexico vs. Hernan Cortes Moctezuma II – Emperor of Aztec’s Conquistador (def.) Spanish military leader that fought against the natives of the America’s Moctezuma II – Emperor of Aztec’s Ruled much of Mexico Unpopular with those he had conquered vs. Spanish advantages Metal weapons Heavy armor Guns Horses Cortes captures Moctezuma Moctezuma dies during attack After several months Aztec’s are defeated

Peru vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa – Incan Ruler Conquistador Wanted to claim so of the famous wealth of the Incans for himself Atahualpa – Incan Ruler Agreed to meet with Pizarro (1532) Incans had just suffered through a smallpox epidemic vs. Pizarro demands that Atahualpa accepts Christianity Wants empire handed over to Spain Gave Pizzaro a lot of gold, silver Atahualpa refuses to hand over empire, taken prisoner Atahualpa is killed and Spanish take over the Incan empire

Controlling the colonies Spain now controls a huge amount of land in the Americas Viceroys chosen by the king to control parts of colonies for the king Spanish colonies economy is based on mining of gold and silver Native Americas used as mine labor Bartolomé de Las Casas – priest that worked to have treatment of Natives reformed Suggested replacing them with imported African slaves

New France French established colonies in modern day Canada Found expensive trade goods to send back to Europe Fish Furs (fox, lynx, otter, etc.) Only sent a small group of traders to the colonies instead of many colonists

1682 Rene-Robert La Salle Canoed down the entire Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico Claimed Mississippi region for France, named Louisiana after King Louis XIV

The Dutch & New Netherland New Netherland – only large Dutch colony in North America Located on Hudson River valley Island of Manhattan bought from natives and re-named New Amsterdam (New York city)

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Manhattan 1609 vs. 2009

The English 1607 – first colony, Jamestown in established 80%of settlers died during the 1st winter 1620 – Pilgrims arrive from England Plymouth, Massachusetts

British vs. French English colonists trying to settle in French territory in upper Ohio River valley 1754 – war breaks out Natives help fight on each side “French & Indian War” After much fighting the British take Canada & all French territory east of the Mississippi War costs Britain $45 billion (est.), which they try to re-coup by taxing the colonists

New Patterns of Trade Chapter 2 Sec. 3

Columbian Exchange (def) – widespread exchange of plants, animals and disease. Plants and animals develop differently depending on where they are.

Horses (beasts of burden) introduced to Americas New foods Europe – potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, turkey Americas – coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, beef Horses (beasts of burden) introduced to Americas

Effects of Columbian Exchange New foods helped provide nutrition and promote better health China’s population grows rapidly with introduction of corn Eating habits and foods changed when new food was introduced 1/3 of all food crops grown around the world are American crops

New Disease Small pox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions of Native Americans ½ of Santo Domingo killed by small pox Population of Central Mexico drops 30% in the first 10 years after contact with Europeans

Mercantilism (def.) a nations strength depends on its wealth Can build strong militaries Can expand influence Fixed amount of wealth (gold/silver) in the world, in order to possess more, you must take it Favorable balance of trade – selling more goods to a country than you are buying from them 1. Placing tariffs on imports 2. Encourage exporting more expensive goods Gov’t offered subsidies for companies to start businesses 3. Control access to raw materials (wool, metal, etc.)

Impact of colonization Colonies only seen to benefit the home country Colonists restricted to who they could sell to Cities and towns in Europe grow as more companies are started Wealthy class of businessmen was created

Capitalism Business is privately owned and run for a profit As demand for a product increases so does the price

British East India Company – 1600 Virginia Company – 1607 Joint-stock companies – sold ‘shares’ of a company to raise money to make the company bigger and better British East India Company – 1600 Wanted to import more spices from Asia Virginia Company – 1607 Estab. First successful English colony (Jamestown, VA)