STAAR EOC REVIEW WORLD HISTORY UNIT 8 GUNPOWDER EMPIRES AND CHINESE RENAISSANCE

MUSLIM GUNPOWDER EMPIRES Improved upon gunpowder technology of the East Asia, developed cannons. Shared Muslim beliefs, traditions, and forms which were based on previous Islamic elements: After the decline of the Mongols/Yuan Dynasty regained control of Silk Road Trade, and then competed for dominance of the Mediterranean Sea & Indian Ocean trade

CULTURAL BLENDING Culture blending between Turks, Persian, and other cultural groups. They share some commonalities; however they were independent empires that often clash over trade and the Sunni-Shiite split. Ottomans: Sunni, Turkish Ruled by a Sultan which rules over a Sultanate, utilized local administrator, and appointed viziers, Built a strong navy, utilized Janissaries (conquered Christians boys) Suleiman the Magnificent, peak of Ottoman power, expands into Eastern Europe but failed to take Vienna Safavids: Mostly Shiite, Persian Ruled by a Shah Rivals of the Ottomans Mughals: Sunni, Persians Akbar the Great, promoted religious tolerance and the unification of Muslim and Hindu states

TAJ MAJAL & OTTOMAN DECLINE In what ways does the Taj Mahal reflect Persian, Islamic and Indian styles? Taj Mahal, symbol of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian styles, built as a tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife Ottomans Decline Spaniards and Venetians defeat Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto in the Mediterranean. Decline of the importance of the Silk Road Trade as European trade goes overseas

Sikhism, blended Muslim and Hindu beliefs, Key Beliefs • Reincarnation • Monotheism • Meditation • Moderation • Equality under god • Rejected caste system

CHINESE RENAISSANCE Chinese Political System Tang (618 -907) • Recaptures lands of the Han, continues to Korea • Strengthen central government • Scholar-officials used to restore bureaucracy • Civil Service Exam Song (960-1279) • Reunify empire minus western & northern lands • Paid tributes of silver, silk, & tea to northern nomads • Jurchen challenges force empire south of Huang He • Ally with Mongols

Chinese Economic Development Tang Expand networks of roads & canals Grand Canal connects major rivers and Beijing Reduces taxes on peasants Redistributes land to peasant from elites Promoted foreign trade and agricultural improvement China prospers Military spending & overexpansion lead to decline because of overtaxing Song Use of 1st paper currency fast-ripening rice Increases farm production

Chinese Cultural Developments Tang Schools used to train scholars in Confucianism, poetry Feudal lords lose influence to Scholar-Gentry Foreigners welcome Buddhism spreads Society becomes more mobile Coastal Port cities grow Social mobility increases Song Eliminated the use of forced labor Continued many of the new innovations of the Tang

Mapping Skills Analyze the expansion and contraction of the Tang & Song Dynasty using maps of period Silk Road Manchurian Plain Nomads to North Himalayas Gobi Desert Grand Canal

Class Structure & Gender Upper Class-Scholar-officials-gentry Middle Class-Urban-merchants, shopkeepers, artisans, Lower Class-Urban-laborers, soldiers, servants Rural-Landowners & peasants Family & Gender Roles Wu Zhao (Zetian)-female empress Lower Class women-continued to work in fields and help produce family’s food and income Upper class women-Foot-binding-“lily-foot”-broke foot-sign of male’s wealth and power

Arts & Technology The Arts Technological Advancements Li Bo-poetry, life’s pleasures Paintings-natural landscapes (Daoism) Technological Advancements Porcelain-late 700’s Mechanical Clock-700’s Block Printing-700’s Gunpowder-800’s Paper money-1020 Moveable Type-1040 Magnetic Compass-1100’s

Early Japanese culture borrows from China Missions to Tang China include the adoption of: Chinese system of writing Painted landscapes Dynastic Rule & Civil Service Exam Many Japanese traditions are retained Heian period-Dynasty of Japan Lady Murasaki-Tale of Genji, explains life in the royal court Decline of Tang results in Japanese development of a unique culture Fujiwara Family & Feudalism Kamakura/Tokugawa Shogunate-establishes a new socio-political system: Emperor-Puppet/figurehead Shogun-Supreme military leader Daimyo-military governors Samurai-bodyguards of loyal warriors

Key elements of the development of Feudalism Introduction of Buddhism blended with Shintoism influences the social roles of Samurai created the Bushido- a code of behavior 1. Bushido / The Way of the Samurai 2. Justice / Rectitude / Right Decision 3. Bravery / Courage 4. Benevolence 5. Respect 6. Honesty 7. Honor 8. Loyalty / Faithful / Devoted 9. Filial Piety 10. Honesty / Fidelity 11. Wisdom

Mongol/Yuan Dynasties to Ming Dynasty Mongols Pastoralist society Follow seasonal pattern of migration through Eurasian steppes Traded horses for basic items Frequent conflicts between clans-tribes over grasslands and water rights Prided themselves on their toughness Often raided townspeople, breached Great Wall of China

Genghis Khan Unified Mongols and eliminated other nomadic challenges in Manchuria & the Eurasian steppes Military Strategist Created an elite cavalry force organized into units of 10,000 Used deceptive tactics to engage his opponents Used enemies technology, such as catapults and gunpowder charges Fear & cruelty as a tactic Conquered Jin Empire, Middle East, China, and Russia

Mongol Empire Mongols were tolerant of other religious beliefs Allowed local administrators to continue to govern Mongols often confirmed to the religious beliefs of their conquered cultures Promoted free trade & passage throughout empire Divided empire into 4 khanates The Great Khan Jagatai Ilkhans Golden Horde

Yuan Dynasty & Kublai Khan Kublai Khan-1st foreigner to rule all of China Tolerated Chinese culture Made few changes to Chinese government Built Shangdu Failed to conquer Japan Created a social caste that placed Mongols & Muslims above ethnic Chinese Encouraged foreign trade and spread Chinese innovations Marco Polo-controversial figure, merchant who recants the excesses and beauty of China/Yuan dynasty

Ming Dynasty Created a tribute state over East Asia Xenophobic-feared and resisted any foreign influence Removed all Mongol traces Returned Confucianism and the Civil Service Exam Introduced fish farming and commercial crops of cotton and sugar cane

Exploration & Exchange Zhenghe-Chinese explorer, led expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and eastern Africa Goal: Impress the world and collect tribute By 1433: withdrew into self-sufficient isolation 3 ports controlled by the government would trade with foreigners Smuggling by profit-minded Chinese allowed for trade with Europeans Europeans exchanged silver for goods. Chinese favored agriculture over industry Christian Jesuits-Matteo Ricci gained favor in Ming Court