Edward Bradford Titchener: Psychology has a short history but a long past. The subject matter extends back to ancient history. Psychology has a short history.

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Presentation transcript:

Edward Bradford Titchener: Psychology has a short history but a long past. The subject matter extends back to ancient history. Psychology has a short history but a long past. The subject matter extends back to ancient history. Psychology – a “soft” science. It deals with the warm, “soft” world of human beings: thoughts, emotions, attitudes, etc. Psychology – a “soft” science. It deals with the warm, “soft” world of human beings: thoughts, emotions, attitudes, etc. Because human beings operate with a will of their own within a complex network of situations and relationships, scientists cannot answer with certainty as they do with inanimate objects. Because human beings operate with a will of their own within a complex network of situations and relationships, scientists cannot answer with certainty as they do with inanimate objects.

Dialectical Tradition - There can be no meaning and thus no knowledge without opposition. There are at least two sides to every issue. (Right and wrong, good and bad, joy and sorrow..) There can be no meaning and thus no knowledge without opposition. There are at least two sides to every issue. (Right and wrong, good and bad, joy and sorrow..) Socrates – we may begin in error but will eventually arrive at truth if we continue our dialectical conversation. Socrates – we may begin in error but will eventually arrive at truth if we continue our dialectical conversation.

Socrates – truth meant uncovering what is already there. Hence, the discipline of psychology is considered to be dialectical. Socrates – truth meant uncovering what is already there. Hence, the discipline of psychology is considered to be dialectical. “The first step toward wisdom is knowing what it is that you don’t know.” “The first step toward wisdom is knowing what it is that you don’t know.” Therefore, thinking skills require an awareness of what one does believe and a knowledge of alternatives regarding what one could believe!!!!!!!!! Therefore, thinking skills require an awareness of what one does believe and a knowledge of alternatives regarding what one could believe!!!!!!!!!

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychology:Psyche- soul/mind Psychology:Psyche- soul/mind Logos – study of Logos – study of Aristotle – wanted to know everything about life/dissected plants and animals. Aristotle – wanted to know everything about life/dissected plants and animals. Knowledge comes from experience. Knowledge comes from experience. (his method of observation is the basis for contemporary science). (his method of observation is the basis for contemporary science). Plato – Rationalism: reasoning gives access to inborn knowledge. Plato – Rationalism: reasoning gives access to inborn knowledge.

Early Thinkers: The Cause of Mental Illness- 1.Plato – when the irrational psyche overwhelms the rational psyche. (when you have “lost it!”)!!! 2.Hippocrates – natural/biological causes. 3.Galen– four (4) bodily “humors.” 4.Socrates – emotional causes. 5.St. Augustine – mind/body connection.

More Recent Contributions: 1.Rene Descartes – French mathematician/ Dualism; Interactive Dualism. 2.Thomas Hobbes/John Locke – Monism 3.Nativists – we are born with certain inherent truths in us; pre-disposition. 4.Empiricists – “tabula rasa” or blank slate- knowledge comes from experience.

Hermann Von Helmholtz – studied receptors in the eye and ear / physiology. Hermann Von Helmholtz – studied receptors in the eye and ear / physiology. Gustav Fechner- founded Psychophysics (our response to physical stimuli: music, art. etc.) Gustav Fechner- founded Psychophysics (our response to physical stimuli: music, art. etc.) Charles Darwin – “Natural Selection”/survival of the fittest. Charles Darwin – “Natural Selection”/survival of the fittest. British naturalist/ social scientist British naturalist/ social scientist

 “The Origin of the Species” – 1859  Ques: Why did some plants that belonged to the same species survived and others did not?  Darwin’s belief contradicted the beliefs of the Catholic Church:  Three (3) Humiliations -  1) the earth is not the center of the universe.  2) we are subjected to passion and subconscious desires.  3) we are creatures of nature like other animals but from a simple to more complex life form.

In Medicine:  Paul Broca – damage to a specific area on the left hemisphere of the brain lost the ability to speak fluently.  Carl Wernicke – damage to another specific area on the left hemisphere of the brain lost the ability to understand speech.

Pseudoscientific Schools of Thought: PPPPhrenology – coined by Johanne Spurzheim and further developed by Franz Joseph Gall. ((((Measured the bumps and indentations on the skull). MMMMesmerism – Franz Anton Mesmer/ waved a magnetic wand and people were better. The forerunner of Hypnosis.