Warm-up What basic qualities does a society need in order to grow into a civilization? What do you know about the Greeks?

Greeks & Rise of City-States Greece lies on the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula. Northeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Aegean Sea separates Greece from Asia Minor. Ionian Sea divides Greece from the Italian Peninsula. Sea important part of the lives of the people of Greece

Greeks & Rise of City-States Many became fishers, sailors, and traders Short mountain ranges, cut up most of Greece Greece was not united because of the Mountains. Invaders from the North

Greece

Greeks & Rise of City-States First people lived in Greece about 55,000 years ago. The Minoans: Developed on the island of Crete. Named after the legendary king of Crete, King Minos Minoans- build great civilizations, palace and nobles had running water. Walls covered in colorful Frescoes- painting made on wet plaster walls.

Greeks & Rise of City-States Minoans: Some painting show they worshiped a bull, and an Earth goddess Set up trading post a long the many islands in the Aegean Sea and in Asia Minor BC. Volcano erupted on a nearby island 1400 BC Mycenaeans (my-suh-nee-uhnz) from Greek mainland conquered central Crete.

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Greek Government & Society 700 BC most oral poetry was from two epics: Illiad and the Odyssey. Written by the blind poet Homer. Illiad tells the legend of the Trojan War Odyssey tells what happen after the Trojan War. This time period is called the Homeric Age Video

Greek Religion (Society) Looked for religion for three things: First wanted religion to explain nature Second wanted religion to explain the emotions that sometimes cause people to lose self-control. Third they believed religion could bring them certain benefits Greeks explained their world by Myths.

Greek Religion (Society) Myths are traditional stories about gods, goddesses and hero's. Greeks believed that gods spoke through priest and priestesses. Special place called the oracles. The Greeks wanted to please the gods, they would have an athletic contest. Olympic Games- held every four years in honor of Zeus

Greek Government Greek city-states controlled by aristocracies Aristocracies- rule by the best, nobles Aristocracies controlled all of Greek society, held a monopoly over the military and major landowners, and control over religion When social and economic change took place it weakened the power of the aristocracies.

Greek Government New non-aristocratic soldier called the hoplite emerged in many parts of Greece. They were heavy infantry who carried long spears who fought in closely spaced rows. Became more powerful wanted more of a say in the government. Tyrants- was someone who illegally took power but had the people’s support (leaders able to bring a better life)

Greek Government 650BC-500 BC tyrants ruled many city-states After this time many Greek city-states overthrew their tyrants. Idea of popular government began to take root. Popular government- idea that people can and should rule themselves Athens developed a form of democracy or government in which citizens take part.

Greek Government Only a small part of the population had the rights. Sparta maintained their powerful aristocratic forms of government.

Sparta and Athens Helots- conquered people village that became their capital Sparta. Invaders conquered the village that became their capital Sparta. Located in a valley, surrounded by walls for defense.

Sparta Three social groups: first groups known as the equals… controlled the city – state Half-citizens second group… free, paid taxes, and served in the army. No political power, some farmed, worked in trade and industry. Helots made up the third group, became slaves. They outnumbered the Spartans. Spartans used force to control them.

Government in Sparta Two kings head of government. (one led army and the other took care of matters at home. Council of Elders was made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60 (proposed laws and served as a criminal court) Final part was the assembly, male citizens over the age of 30. Voted to accept or reject the Council of Elders laws.

Government in Sparta Assembly elected five ephors for one-year terms. They made sure that the kings stayed within the law, they also had complete control over the education of young Spartans.

Sparta’s military society Goal was to make every adult male citizen part of the military machine. Began at birth, any male baby that looked unhealthy was left to die. Age 7 boys left home to live in military barracks trained only for war 20 able to serve in military and marry but could live at home till 30

Sparta’s military society Girls also had to learn to be strong and healthy, they received strict physical training and were taught to be devoted to their city-state.

Warm-up Describe the types of government that developed in the Greek city-states. What happen today in history

Athens : Birth of Democracy Located on the Attic peninsula one of the least fertile areas in Greece. Athenians traded on the sea, and coined money in 600 BC Build their city inland Citizens formed the top group in Athenian society, (rich aristocrats or poor farmers) Only Athenian born men had full political rights.

Athens : Birth of Democracy Next group was the Metics: Metics- people were non-citizens because they had been born outside Athens. Worked merchants or artisans, free and paid same taxes as citizens (couldn’t take part in government or own land) Slaves at the bottom ( slaves natural and necessary) people captured in war

Athens : Birth of Democracy Early Government: Aristocratic government: only people who owned land held office. Elected generals in the time of war Elected nine archons ( rulers who served one-year terms) Draco- archon, is believed to have created Athens’s first written law code around 621 BC. The laws were so harsh and severe. Metics and nobles became wealthy, more people sold into slavery.

Athens : Birth of Democracy Solon- an archon settled the disputes between creditors and debtors. He erased the debts for the poor and outlawing slavery for debt, freed people who had become slaves to pay their debts. Solon- divided all citizens into four groups based on wealth. Two riches groups could hold office, All citizens could sit on the assebly that elected those officials. Set up a court made up of citizens

Athens : Birth of Democracy Peisistratus ( py-sis-truh-tuhs) ruled over Athens as a tyrant He improved Athens economy, clashed with nobles, finally nobles returned to power. Cleisthenes ( klys-thuh-neez) seized power in Athens and turned into a democracy. Divided Athens's citizens into 10 tribes Each tribe chose 50 men (formed the council of five hundred) Proposed laws to the assemble, assembly had final authority Jurors were citizens Direct democracy- all citizens participated directly in making decisions.

Athens : Birth of Democracy United States today uses representative democracy. Citizens elect representatives to govern for them. What leader did the most to help lead Athens to democracy? Cleisthenes

Athens: I will break you up into groups: You will prepare a live TV broadcast about government or social conditions in Sparta or Athens Are people satisfied? What should be changed? Who benefits? Is it fair? You need reporters, news anchor, and citizens and half citizens. I will pick if you have Sparta or Athens and if it is their

Daily Life in Athens Most Athenian citizens were farmers: grew olives, grapes and figs. Terracing- carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides. Athenian assembly voted to send farmers and workers to set up overseas colonies. Import- is a good or service brought from another country or region. Export- is a good or service sold to another country or region.

Daily Life in Athens Trade was important to Athens’s economy… Exported olive oil, wine and household items. Imported grain and other foodstuffs.

Home life & family life Most Athenian families lived in a simple home. Money should be spent on buildings to benefit the whole community not on private homes. Lamps burned olive oil provided dim light Parrents always arranged marriages. Girls married as young as 13 or 14 Husbands twice their age or older. Main purpose was to have children Women considered inferior to men. Were citizens but couldn’t own or inherit property. (example women had to stay out of sight when husband had guest)

Home life & family life Wealthy men spent their time in getting educated Engaged in politics, gossip in the marketplace, conversations with friends and athletic activates. Athenian boys studied reading, writing, grammar, poetry, music, and gymnastics. (learned the Iliad and Odyssey by heart) Education was spread throughout the Mediterranean world. (Greek)

Expansion of Greece Persian Wars: Greeks and Asian minor rebelled against the Persians. Started 500 BC- till around 479 BC Persian Wars Darius- (Persian) wanted to punish Athens for helping the rebels. Wanted to gain control of the Greek mainland. Persians invaded Greece itself, Athenians outnumbered and defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon. Darius son Xerxes led another huge Persian army and fleet against Greece. Greece city-states united and stopped the Persians.

Expansion of Greece Persians had to advance through the narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae. Small force led by 300 Spartans met them. Greeks held the pass for three days. Persians found another way through the mountains and surrounded the Greeks. Spartans outnumbered, refused to give up fought till all were killed. Battle of Thermopylae…

Expansion of Greece Themistocles- Athens’s leader told his people to leave the city and escape. Athens was destroyed by the Persians. Themistocles tricked Xerxes into attacking the fleet ( Salamis Strait Greeks sank much of the Persian fleet) 479 BC Athenians and Spartans joined forces to defeat the Persians at Plataea. (ended the Persian Wars)

Expansion of Greece City-states wanted unity. Working together would help defeat the Persians. Athens used diplomacy to form the Delian League- alliance of city-states with Athens as leader. League included 140 other city-states (contributed money and ships)

Age of Pericles Pericles was a leader in Athens. Great general held public office and active in public life. 461 BC-429 BC Athens reached its peak of power and wealth. Called the Age of Pericles Male citizens (not lowest class) could hold office Officeholders were paid a salary and were chosen by lot Growth in democracy during this time and Athens became powerful.

Peloponnesian War All of Greece was not united under Athens. Issues over trade divided Athens and Corinth, Athens and Sparta had issues. War broke out among Sparta and Athens in 431 BC Called the Peloponnesian War. Sparta invaded Attic peninsula, destroyed fields and villages. Athenians withdrew behind walls ( used ships to bring in food) Plague broke out in Athens. War continued for 27 years.

Peloponnesian War Sparta with the help of the Persians managed to block Athens’s food supply. Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BC history/sparta/videos/spartans