Warm up 12/4 ► You play many roles in life. List as many roles as you can and then place them in order from most important to least important.

Emotional Development during Adolescence

Learning Identity Versus Identity Diffusion ► From about 13 or 14 to about 20 the child, now an adolescent, learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of "Who am I?" ► From about 13 or 14 to about 20 the child, now an adolescent, learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of "Who am I?" But even the best - adjusted of adolescents experiences some role identity diffusion: most boys and probably most girls experiment with minor delinquency; rebellion flourishes; self - doubts flood the youngster, and so on. ► During successful early adolescence, mature time perspective is developed; the young person acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self- doubt. He comes to experiment with different - usually constructive - roles rather than adopting a "negative identity" (such as delinquency). He actually anticipates achievement, and achieves, rather than being "paralyzed" by feelings of inferiority or by an inadequate time perspective. ► During successful early adolescence, mature time perspective is developed; the young person acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self- doubt. He comes to experiment with different - usually constructive - roles rather than adopting a "negative identity" (such as delinquency). He actually anticipates achievement, and achieves, rather than being "paralyzed" by feelings of inferiority or by an inadequate time perspective. ► In later adolescence, clear sexual identity - manhood or womanhood - is established. The adolescent seeks leadership (someone to inspire him), and gradually develops a set of ideals (socially congruent and desirable, in the case of the successful adolescent). Erikson believes that, in our culture, adolescence affords a "psychosocial moratorium," particularly for middle - and upper-class American children. They do not yet have to "play for keeps," but can experiment, trying various roles, and thus hopefully find the one most suitable for them.

► Another factor that plays a significant role in the ways adolescents regulate emotional displays is their heightened sensitivity to others' evaluations of them, a sensitivity which cans result in acute self- awareness and self-consciousness as they try to blend into the dominant social structure. David Elkind has described adolescents as operating as if they were in front of an imaginary audience in which every action and detail is noted and evaluated by others. As such, adolescents become very aware of the impact of emotional expressivity on their social interactions and fundamentally, on obtaining peer approval. Because guidelines concerning the appropriateness of emotional displays is highly culture-specific, adolescents have the difficult task of learning when and how to express or regulate certain emotions. ► As expected, gender plays a significant role in the types of emotions displayed by adolescents. Boys are less likely than girls to disclose their fearful emotions during times of distress. This reluctance was similarly supported by boys' belief that they would receive less understanding and, in fact, probably be belittled, for expressing both aggressive and vulnerable emotions.

Self esteem Overall self worth Scholastic performance Social acceptance Behavioural conduct Athletic competence Physical appearance

Evaluate your own ► Rate yourself on a scale of one to ten in all five categories:  Scholastic performance  Social acceptance  Behavioural conduct  Athletic competence  Physical appearance

Rate the categories ► Now place the five categories in order of importance. ► Which category is the one that you use to judge yourself the most? Which is least important to you?

What makes you feel the way you do? ► Articles – read the articles provided and list all the things that influence self esteem and identity. ► How do you think parents contribute to self esteem and identity?

James Marcia ► Four stages  Identity Diffusion  Identity Foreclosure  Identity Moratorium  Identity Achieved

Identity Development ► Cultural and ethnic identity ► Vocational (career) identity ► Gender and sexual identity

Problems ► Depression ► Suicide ► Delinquency ► Drug Abuse

Homework ► ► Read TWO articles about Generation Y and their self esteem.   Take notes and be prepared for discussion on Monday.