Multi-criteria analysis and ranking of alternative waste management schemes in Morocco Friday 19 June 2009 Prof. M. Loizidou and D. Malamis s: website:

Introduction Rank alternative schemes for the management of domestic solid waste in Morocco. Ranking is based on the comparisons MSW management schemes according to their performances with respect to relevant social, environmental, financial and technical criteria.

Selection of 18 schemes for the management of domestic solid waste in Morocco which are based on combinations of the following techniques and technologies: Material Recovery through source separation Mechanical Sorting of mixed waste Biological treatment of the biodegradable fraction of MSW – Composting – Anaerobic digestion Thermal treatment – Incineration (with or without energy recovery) – Pyrolysis – Gasification Landfill

Scheme 1 (Landfill) Scheme 2 (Collection in one bin of recyclable materials)  Material Recovery Facility - MRF (recovery of glass, paper- plastics, Fe and non Fe metals) and in another the remaining waste  Landfill) Scheme 3 (Collection in one bin of recyclable materials)  MRF (recovery of glass, paper- plastics, Fe and non Fe metals) and in another bin the biodegradable  Composting and Residues  Landfill) Scheme 4 (Collection of mixed waste)  Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, paper- plastics, Fe and non Fe metals) and the remaining waste  Landfill) Scheme 5a (Collection of mixed waste)  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics to end users), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Composting and Residues  Landfill) Scheme 5b (Collection of mixed waste)  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics (combustible materials  Thermal treatment), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Composting and Residues  Landfill) 18 schemes for the management of MSW in Morocco

Scheme 6a (Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics  to end users), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Anaerobic Digestion and residues  Landfill) Scheme 6b (Collection of mixed waste)  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics (combustible materials  Thermal treatment), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Anaerobic Digestion and Residues  Landfill) Scheme 7a (Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics (combustible materials  to end uses)), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Combination of Anaerobic Digestion and Composting with Green waste and Residues  Landfill) Scheme 7b (Collection of mixed waste)  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics (combustible materials  Thermal treatment), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Combination of Anaerobic Digestion and Composting with Green waste and Residues  Landfill) 18 schemes for the management of MSW in Morocco

Scheme 8a (Collection of mixed waste  Biodrying, Mechanical sorting (recovery of Fe and non Fe metals), Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)  to end users Scheme 8b (Collection of mixed waste  Biodrying, Mechanical sorting (recovery of Fe and non Fe metals) (SRF  Thermal treatment) Scheme 9 (Collection of mixed waste)  Mass Burn Incineration with energy recovery Scheme 10 (Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Sorting (recovery of Fe and non Fe metals), remaining (residual) waste  Incineration) Scheme 11 (Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Sorting (recovery of Fe and non Fe metals), remaining (residual) waste  Pyrolysis) Scheme 12 (Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Sorting (recovery of Fe and non Fe metals), remaining (residual) waste  Gasification) Scheme 13 (Autoclave/ Mechanical Processing) Scheme 14 (Ethanol Fermentation) 18 schemes for the management of MSW in Morocco

Determining the optimum MSW Management Scheme MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS RANKING of MSW Management Schemes using an appropriate software (Decision Lab) Evaluation of 18 MSW Management Schemes based on the Criteria set on previous step Calculation of the Q/P/W multicriteria matrix Optimum MSW Management Scheme (I) (Ia) (Ib) (Ic) (II) (III)

(I) MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS RANKING of MSW Management Schemes using an appropriate software (Decision Lab) Evaluation of 18 MSW Management Schemes based on the Criteria set on previous step Q/P/W multicriteria matrix Optimum MSW Management Scheme (I) (IA) (IB) (IC) (II) (III)

(IA) Setting the Criteria Group CriteriaSub-criteria Social (S) (S 1 ) Harmonization with the existing legislative framework (S 2 ) Application of priorities of legislation (S 3 ) Social acceptance (S 4 ) Possibilities of new job positions Environmental (E) (E 1 ) Level of possible environmental impacts (E 2 ) Air emissions (E 3 ) Production of wastewater (E 4 ) Production of solid waste (E 5 ) Noise pollution (E 6 ) Aesthetic harmful effect Financial (F) (F 1 ) Total investment cost (F 2 ) Operation and maintenance cost (F 3 ) Land requirement (F 4 ) Production of secondary materials Technical (T) (T 1 ) Functionality (T 2 ) Existing experience-reliability (T 3 ) Adaptability in the local conditions (T 4 ) Flexibility

Group Criteria Group weights Sub-criteriaCriterion Weight Social (S) 15.00% (S 1 ) Harmonization with the existing legislative framework 30.00% (S 2 ) Application of priorities of legislation 30.00% (S 3 ) Social acceptance 25.00% (S 4 ) Possibilities of new job positions 15.00% Environmental (E) 30.00% (E 1 ) Level of possible environmental impacts 25.00% (E 2 ) Air emissions 20.00% (E 3 ) Production of wastewater 20.00% (E 4 ) Production of solid waste 20.00% (E 5 ) Noise pollution 10.00% (E 6 ) Aesthetic harmful effect 5.00% Financial (F) 30.00% (F 1 ) Total investment cost 35.00% (F 2 ) Operation and maintenance cost 30.00% (F 3 ) Land requirement 15.00% (F 4 ) Production of secondary materials 20.00% Technical (T) 25.00% (T 1 ) Functionality 25.00% (T 2 ) Existing experience-reliability 30.00% (T 3 ) Adaptability in the local conditions 25.00% (T 4 ) Flexibility 20.00% (IA) Setting weights for the Criteria

(I) MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS RANKING of MSW Management Schemes using an appropriate software (Decision Lab) Evaluation of 18 MSW Management Schemes based on the Criteria set on previous step Q/P/W multicriteria matrix Optimum MSW Management Scheme (I) (IA) (IB) (IC) (II) (III)

(IB) Schemes Evaluation - Social Criteria (S) Schemes (S 1 ) Harmonization with the existing legislation (S 2 ) Application of priorities of legislation (S 3 ) Social acceptance (S 4 ) Possibilities of new job positions Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme 5a 7798 Scheme 5b 8889 Scheme 6a 7778 Scheme 6b 8869 Scheme 7a 7869 Scheme 7b Scheme 8a 6777 Scheme 8b 7868 Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme

Schemes (E 1 ) Level of possible environmental impacts (E 2 ) Air emissions (E 3 ) Production of wastewater waste (E 4 ) Production of solid waste-residue Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme 5a 7777 Scheme 5b 5566 Scheme 6a 7866 Scheme 6b 5655 Scheme 7a 8688 Scheme 7b 6477 Scheme 8a 7777 Scheme 8b 5566 Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme (IB) Schemes Evaluation - Environmental Criteria (E)

Schemes (F 1 ) Total investment cost (F 2 ) Operation and maintenance cost (F 3 ) Land requirement (F 4 ) Production of useful secondary materials Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme 5a 6747 Scheme 5b 4637 Scheme 6a 5657 Scheme 6b 3547 Scheme 7a 4539 Scheme 7b 2429 Scheme 8a 5658 Scheme 8b 3548 Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme (IB) Schemes Evaluation - Financial Criteria (F)

Schemes (T1) Functionality (T2) Existing experience-reliability (T3) Adaptability in the local conditions (T4) Flexibility Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme 5a 6777 Scheme 5b 5666 Scheme 6a 6776 Scheme 6b 5665 Scheme 7a 5665 Scheme 7b 4554 Scheme 8a 5775 Scheme 8b 4664 Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme (IB) Schemes Evaluation - Technical Criteria (T)

Total evaluation of MSW Management Schemes Schemes SocialEnvironmentalFinancialTechnical S1S1 S2S2 S3S3 S4S4 E1E1 E2E2 E3E3 E4E4 E5E5 E6E6 F1F1 F2F2 F3F3 F4F4 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme 5a Scheme 5b Scheme 6a Scheme 6b Scheme 7a Scheme 7b Scheme 8a Scheme 8b Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme

(I) MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS RANKING of MSW Management Schemes using an appropriate software (Decision Lab) Evaluation of 18 MSW Management Schemes based on the Criteria set on previous step Q/P/W Multicriteria matrix Optimum MSW Management Scheme (I) (IA) (IB) (IC) (II) (III)

Multi-criteria matrix - Q/P/W values Social 15%Environmental 30%Financial 30%Technical 25% S1S1 S2S2 S3S3 S4S4 E1E1 E2E2 E3E3 E4E4 E5E5 E6E6 F1F1 F2F2 F3F3 F4F4 T1T1 T2T2 T3T3 T4T4 Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme 5a Scheme 5b Scheme 6a Scheme 6b Scheme 7a Scheme 7b Scheme 8a Scheme 8b Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme MAX value of S1 criterion of all Schemes MIN value of S1 criterion of all Schemes Q(ij) = {MAX[subcriterion (ij)] – MIN[subcriterion (ij)]}/10, P(ij) = 3 * Q(ij) Where (i) is the chosen group criterion (S, E, F and T) (j) is the chosen sub-criterion (S1-S4, E1-E6, F1-F4, T1-T4) Example: Calculating the Q & P of S1 sub-criterion Q(S1)=(9 – 1)/10=0,8 P(S1)=Q(S1) * 3=0,8 * 3=2,4

Group CriteriaGroup weightsSub-criteriaCriterion Weight W - Final weights QP Social (S) 15.00% S1S % S2S % S3S % S4S % Environmental (E) 30.00% E1E % E2E % E3E % E4E % E5E % E6E6 5.00% Financial (F) 30.00% F1F % F2F % F3F % F4F % Technical (T) 25.00% T1T T2T % T3T % T4T % * = W(ij)=[% weight of Group criterion (i) * weight of Sub-criterion(ij)]/10000 Where (i) is the chosen group criterion (S, E, F and T) (j) is the chosen sub-criterion (S1-S4, E1-E6, F1-F4, T1-T4) Example: W(S1)=[% weight of Group criterion (S) * weight of Sub-criterion(S1)]/10000 W(S1)=[15% *30%]/10000=0,045 Multi-criteria matrix Q/P/W

Determining the optimum MSW Management Scheme MULTICRITERIA ANALYSIS RANKING of MSW Management Schemes using an appropriate software (Decision Lab) Evaluation of 18 MSW Management Schemes based on the Criteria set on previous step Q/P/W multicriteria matrix Optimum MSW Management Scheme (I) (Ia) (Ib) (Ic) (II) (III)

Multi-criteria Matrix as has been set in the Decision Lab software Management Schemes Subcriteria

Q/P/W values

Ranking of MSW Management Schemes

1.Scheme 3 (Collection in one bin of recyclable materials)  MRF (recovery of glass, paper- plastics, Fe and non Fe metals) and in another bin the biodegradable  Composting and Residues  Landfill) 2.Scheme 5a (Collection of mixed waste)  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics to end users), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Composting and Residues  Landfill) 3.Scheme 10 (Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Sorting (recovery of Fe and non Fe metals), remaining (residual) waste  Incineration) 4.Scheme 6a (Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics  to end users), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Anaerobic Digestion and residues  Landfill) 5.Scheme 13 (Autoclave/ Mechanical Processing) Fourth: Scheme 6a: Collection of mixed waste  Mechanical Biological Treatment): Mechanical Sorting (recovery of glass, Fe and non Fe metals, paper- plastics (combustible materials  to end users), Biological treatment: Biodegradable fraction  Anaerobic digestion and Residues  Landfill Top 5 schemes for MSW Treatment in Morocco

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