Jonathan Edwards SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD

JOURNAL What is something someone could say to you that would cause you to become fearful? How do you think you would react if told this?

PURITANS AND THEIR BELIEFS

In the mid-1600’s, the Puritans were English Protestants who wanted to “purify” the Church of England and rid it of all Roman Catholic practices. Left for the new world in 1620 to escape religious persecution and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Believed all humans are born with sin. Predestination: God has already chosen who is going to heaven. Christ died only for the people God elected to go to heaven. Did not regard leading a godly, life as the CAUSE of a person's salvation, but rather as an encouraging sign of the EFFECT of being chosen by God to reside in heaven. Uncertainty of one's eternal fate, only made believers redouble their efforts to purify their own lives and society as a whole The church’s officials were the government’s officials.

RELIGIOUS PRACTICES Emphasized a strict adherence to Biblical principles A rejection of the "worldliness" of society Hard work was an honor to God Everyone should pursue both moral purity down to the smallest detail The devil was behind every evil deed.

PURITAN LIFE The Puritans put God and hard work first in their lives. They believed in strict conformity and a very strict version of God. They wore very simple clothes and did not allow dancing. They believed sex was only for reproductive purposes. They believed that witches and witchcraft were real. They worked together as a community to build their towns, but this often led to a fear of outsiders and nonconformity. The Puritans believed in a "fire and brimstone" method of preaching, and led lives in fear of an angry God.

PURITAN HOMEPURITAN WOMAN

PURITAN CHILDREN In 1692, children were expected to behave under the same strict code as the adults. Showed no of emotion (excitement, fear, or anger) Disobedience was severely punished. Rarely played, as toys and games were scarce. Children completed chores Attended church services

THE “DARK SIDE” OF PURITANISM “Fall Aways” were completely shunned by the community and it was perfectly acceptable to “discipline” them and publicly humiliate them. Self-denial was the focus: no love, no passion, salvation by good works—maybe Sin, punishment 2 worst sins—witchcraft and adultery. Public humiliation was the only way to free oneself from sins. Open confession was a must.

JONATHAN EDWARDS Son & grandson of Puritan ministers Ordained a minister at the age of twenty-three Believed deeply in predestination Known for his “preaching of terror” His sermon was preached in 1741 and became the most famous sermon in American to this day.

Convictions: Wrote essays on Apologetics (reasoned arguments usually about religion or philosophy), Grace is a gift from God given to afford us the need and desire for faith. We pathetically destine ourselves from hell and are only kept out of it because God holds the thread of grace by which we daily attempt to hang ourselves from. The Great Awakening: A spiritual revival in the colonies in the 1730s and 40s was part of the Great Awakening, known as a “Theologian of the Heart”. Legacy Remembered as one of America’s most important theologians

FIGURES OF SPEECH 1. Epic simile: an extended comparison between two unlike objects, using the words like, as Ex. "The wrath of God is like great waters that are dammed for the present; they increase more and more, and rise higher and higher…” 2. Metaphor: comparison between two unlike objects, stating that one thing is another Ex. Your eyes, two windows into your soul. 3. Allusion: a reference to something (literature, location, myth, art, etc.) either directly or by implication Ex. “I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.”

4. Symbol: Something concrete that represents something abstract 5. Imagery: Visually descriptive language 6. Anaphora: The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses Ex. Now is the time for action. Now is the time to take up arms. Now is the time to fight for your country. 7. Rhetorical Question: a question posed for its persuasive effect without the expectation of a reply Ex. Aren't you ashamed of yourself?

8. Hyperbole: The use of exaggeration to evoke strong feelings or create a strong impression, but it not meant to be taken literally. Ex: He is older than the hills. 9. Personification : Giving personal nature or human characteristics to something non-human. Ex: Hunger roared in my stomach. 10. Alliteration : The repetition of a particular sound in the stressed syllables of words or phrases. Ex: P eter P icked a P eck of P ickled P eppers

EMOTIONAL APPEALS Scare tactic: A strategy intended to influence public reaction by the exploitation of fear. Cataplexis: Discourse that threatens punishment, misfortune, or disaster.

PURITAN SERMONS The Puritans believed that the real power of a sermon was to be found in its words, rather than its delivery. Since the words were thought to be divinely inspired, it was believed that the words alone carried enough power to affect the congregation. As the preacher was simply a flawed agent of God’s work, his presentation of the sermon was expected to be as unadorned as possible, so that the delivery of the sermon would not distract listeners from the words. Preachers usually spoke their sermons in a deliberate monotone. Consider this effect as you read and listen to “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

EMOTIONAL APPEALS Emotional appeals are messages designed to persuade an audience by creating strong feelings. They often include sensory language to create vivid imagery and loaded words to create these types of feelings. Fear, which taps into a fear of losing one’s safety or security Pity, which draws on a sympathy or compassion for others Guilt, which relies on one’s sense of ethics or morality

SINNERS IN THE HANDS OF AN ANGRY GOD Main point: God’s grace is the only thing that truly keeps sinners from Hell Theme: Repent! Tone: Serious and emotional. Actually reported to have been delivered in a monotone voice, yet the congregation erupted in mass hysteria.

AFTER READING Skim Edward’s “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (p.71-75). Fill out the chart with a partner or group of no more than THREE (3). Imagery (quote)Purpose

Imagery (quote)Purpose Hell is “the world of misery, lake of brimstone is extended under you” Describes the ferocities of hell “You have no more influence to hold you up than a spider’s web a rock” Shows human futility “God holds you over the pit of hell as a spider over a fire” Illustrates the precarious position of humans

YOUR HOMEWORK According to Jonathan Edwards, what is a constant threat to all human beings? Why do you think Edwards wrote and delivered the sermon? What was his purpose? What tactics does Edwards use to communicate his point to the congregation?