Unit-C Human Body Systems

Anatomy & Physiology 1H03.01 Anatomy studies the shape an structure of an organisms body and the relationship of one body part to another. Physiology studies the function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism. For our purposes in this unit it is the study of directions, positions, planes, sections, cavities, and abdominal and pelvic regions.

Body Planes: Definition = imaginary lines drawn through the body to separate the body into sections.

Directions/Position Anterior and ventral – front or in front of Posterior or dorsal -back or in back of Cranial and caudal - cranial:head end caudal: tail end Superior and inferior-superior: upper or above inferior: lower or below Medial and lateral -medial: toward the midline lateral: away from midline Proximal and distal - proximal: toward the trunk distal: farthest from trunk Superficial or external - on or near the surface of body Deep or internal - inside or about a body cavity

Directions/Positions Anatomical position Median/Saggittal Plane – divides body into right & left parts. Frontal/Coronal Plane – vertical cut at right angles to saggital plane, divides into anterior and posterior portions Transverse/Horizontal Plane – cross-section, a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Planes and Sections

Transverse (cross-section) A horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Coronal Plane A vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Sagittal Plane Divides the body into right and left parts.

Cavities The urinary bladder is found in the pelvic cavity

Pelvic Cavity Urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, remainder of the large intestine, and the appendix.

Abdominal Cavity Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine.

Thoracic Cavity The second largest hollow space of the body. It is enclosed by the ribs, the vertebral column, and the sternum, or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal cavity (the body’s largest hollow space) by a muscular & membranous partition, the diaphragm. It contains the lungs, the middle & lower airways—the tracheobronchial tree—the heart, the vessels transporting blood between the heart and the lungs, the great arteries bringing blood from the heart out into general circulation, and the major veins into which the blood is collected for transport back to the heart.

Spinal Cavity The space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.

Cranial Cavity Where the brain is located.

Dorsal cavity Contains the brain and spinal cord

4 quadrants upper left quadrant ULQ lower left quadrant LLQ upper right quadrant URQ lower right quadrant LRQ

The second way of dividing the abdominal surface is into 9 regions: left hypochondriac LH left lumbar LL left iliac (inginal) LI epigastric E umbilical U hypogastric H right hypochondriac RH right lumbar RL right iliac (inginal)RI

Abdominal/Pelvic Regions Epigastric – located just below the sternum (breast bone) Right Hypochondriac and the left hypochondriac regions are located below the ribs. Umbilical – located around the naval or umbilicus Right lumbar region and the left lumbar region extend from anterior to posterior. ( A person will complain of back pain or lumbar pain.) and on either side of the umbilical region Hypogastric – the pubic area Right & Left Iliac regions are located on both sides of the hypogastric region.

Body Tissues and Membranes 1H03.02

Levels of Organization in the Body Cells Tissues –Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous Organs –Examples include stomach, liver, heart Organ Systems –Examples include digestive and circulatory systems

Tissues in the Human Body Epithelial –Covering or lining tissue Connective I.e. adipose, cartilage, tendons & ligaments –Joins, stores and supports Muscle –Internal and external movement Nerve –Conducts electrical signals Blood Muscle Nerve

Cartilage Firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

Tendons White bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone.

Adipose Tissue A type of connective tissue that stores fat cells

Ligaments Strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints

Nervous Tissue – cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse

Muscle Tissue – has the ability to contract and move the body

Connective Tissue- supports and connects organs and tissue

Epithelial Tissue – protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces.

MEMBRANES SEROUS MEMBRANES – double-walled membrane - produces a watery fluid, lines closed body cavities. PLEURAL MEMBRANE – lines thoracic or chest cavity and protects the lungs.

1. the outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is the PARIETAL membrane. 2. the part that covers the organs is the VISCERAL membrane.

PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE Lines the heart cavity & protects the heart.

PERITONEAL MEMBRANE Lines the abdominal cavity and protects abdominal organs.

MUCOUS MEMBRANES Lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary systems – produces mucous to lubricate and protect the lining.

ORGANS AND SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs which act together to perform a specific, related function  Integumentary  Skeletal  Muscular  Digestive  Respiratory  Circulatory- most complex  Excretory  Nervous- brain nerves and spinal cord  Endocrine- makes hormones  Reproductive

Integumentary System I.e. SKIN

Skeleton System Sternum Skull Clavicle Ribs Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Muscular System Deltoid Pectoralis major Biceps brachi Gluteus maximus Rectus femoris Gastrocnemius

Digestive System Villi Mouth Liver Pharynx Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Esophagus

Respiratory System Nasal Passage Pharynx Trachea Bronchus Larynx Bronchioles Alveoli

Urinary System Nephron Kidney Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Kidney

Nervous System Dendrite Axon terminals Cell body Axon Myelin sheath Node of Ranvier Cerebrum Corpus callosum Cerebellum Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Endocrine System Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland Thyroid and Parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovary Testis

Reproductive System Sagitt al View Anterior View Fallopian tube Ovary Uterus Vagina Uterus Vagina Fallopian tube Urinary bladder