What are Ethics a branch of philosophy which seeks to address questions about morality how moral values should be determined how a moral outcome can be achieved in specific situations how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is what moral values people actually abide by

What is the Difference ? Morals: a personal set of notions on right or wrong based on beliefs Ethics: a cultural set of notions on right or wrong based off the consensus opinion Laws: a legal set of notions on right or wrong based on shared social ideas Which one comes first?

American Psychological Association Code of Conduct APA developed a strict code For conducting research on humans For conducting research on animals Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct Ethical Review Committees: boards who answer ethical questions Violation can result losing license to practice Being referenced in advertisements as unprofessional

Fig Ethics in research. Key ethical principles in psychological research, as set forth by the American Psychological Association (1992), are summarized here. These principles are meant to ensure the welfare of both human and animal subjects.

Guidelines for Psychologists Must respect the dignity & welfare of subjects Must not expose research participants to dangerous or harmful conditions Might cause physical or mental harm Must obtain approval from the ethics panel at the institution where a study is to be conducted

5 Provisions of APA Guidelines 1. Informed and voluntary consent 2. Students as research participation 3. Use of deception 4. Confidentiality of records 5. Information about study & debriefing

Issues in Ethics Consent: Informed consent: informing a subject that they are participating in an experiment & allowing them to refuse or quit Deception: How do you have to tell a subject during? Debriefing: How much do you tell a subject after? Animal research: ???

Informed Consent What are you required to tell a subject? That they a participating in an experiment If there is a chance the experiment may be harmful Answer any question which they have that will not compromise the experiment What can you withhold? Details of experiment Some experiments may require subjects to not know the details (Milligram experiment, Anxiety-Affiliation Test, Coke/Diet coke challenge)

Deception Those against It is lying: inherently dishonest My undermine subjects trust in examiner It produce distress in subjects, may throw off results Those in favor Many issues could not be investigate if deception not used No proof deception is harmful

The Question of Animal Research? Advocates: Animal research offers scientist the opportunity to test hypotheses without the negative effects toward humans ex: cancer research Opponents: Animal research does not afford the animals the opportunity to refuse participation like humans