BEHAVIORAL AND LEARNING THEORIES & RESEARCH METHODS Development:

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Presentation transcript:

BEHAVIORAL AND LEARNING THEORIES & RESEARCH METHODS Development:

Today Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning  Video of observational learning Research methods and design  Listen to a standardised survey Case Study  How to do your case study and get an A!

Skinner’s Behaviorism Development is learned and changes with experiences. The mind (cognition) is NOT needed to explain behavior and development. Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior occurring. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist. He lived from

Behavior Modification Helps Children learn desired behavior. Reduces undesirable behaviors by reinforcement. Negative behavior is not reinforced, but positive behavior is rewarded.(e.g. I like the way you…). SHAPING- When reinforcement is done continuously, and desired behavior becomes automatic.

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning Theory This theory emphasizes 3 key factors in development: environment, cognition, and behavior.  Learning doesn’t always require direct reinforcement. Observational Learning:  Learning that occurs through observing what others do (imitation or modeling)

Theoretical Orientation Theories are helpful guides to understanding development. Like we saw when we looked at developmental issues, theories are not mutually exclusive (it’s not one or the other)! We should have an eclectic theoretical orientation.  This means that it is better to follow multiple theories for each theory’s best features.

Research Method and Design Through scientific research conclusions and theories can be tested. We need to collect data to test theories.  Observation  Laboratory  Naturalistic  Survey and Interview methods  Standardised Testing  Physiological Measures  Case Study

Standardised Survey for Children with ICs What is (was) your friend’s name? Is (was) your friend a toy like a stuffed animal or a doll, or is (was) it completely pretend? Can other people see him? Is it a boy or girl? Is it a person, an animal, or something else? How old is your friend? How big is your friend? What does your friend look like? What do you like about your friend? What do you not like about your friend?

Case Study In depth look at an individual. Looks at the unique nature of a single child’s experiences.  Genetic makeup  Personal history Case studies rarely check to see if there is agreement in the scientific community because there is no way to generalise results.

Research Ethics Ethics boards review research plans to ensure no physical, emotional, or other harm is done to participants and researchers alike Informed Consent- All participants retain the right to withdraw from a study. Know the study’s risks. Confidentiality- Researchers are responsible for keeping all data confidential. Debriefing- After the study all participants must be informed of the purpose of the study. Deception-Participants may act differently if they know the purpose of the experiment. Deception must not harm participants.