Four States of Matter Chapter 2 Section 1 Pages 30 – 37

States of matter physical forms in which a substance can exist physical forms in which a substance can exist Example: Example: Water – solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam) Water – solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam)

Moving Particles Make Up All Matter Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms and molecules Matter consists of tiny particles called atoms and molecules atoms and molecules are always in motion bumping into each other atoms and molecules are always in motion bumping into each other state of matter of a substance is determined by how fast the particles are moving AND how strong the attraction is to one another state of matter of a substance is determined by how fast the particles are moving AND how strong the attraction is to one another

Particles of a Solid do not move fast enough to overcome the strong attraction do not move fast enough to overcome the strong attraction held tightly in place held tightly in place vibrate in place vibrate in place

Particles of a Liquid move fast to overcome some of the attraction move fast to overcome some of the attraction able to slide past one another able to slide past one another

Particles of a Gas move fast enough to overcome nearly all of the attraction move fast enough to overcome nearly all of the attraction move independently of one another move independently of one another

Solids Have Definite Shape and Volume Solid – the state in which matter has a definite shape and volume Solid – the state in which matter has a definite shape and volume particles are close together particles are close together attraction between particles is stronger than the attraction between the particles of the same substance in the liquid or gaseous state attraction between particles is stronger than the attraction between the particles of the same substance in the liquid or gaseous state

Two Types of Solids Crystalline Crystalline have a very orderly, 3 – dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules have a very orderly, 3 – dimensional arrangement of atoms or molecules particles are arranged in a repeating pattern of rows particles are arranged in a repeating pattern of rows ex: iron, diamond, ice ex: iron, diamond, ice

Amorphous Amorphous made up of atoms or molecules that are in no particular order made up of atoms or molecules that are in no particular order particles are in a particular spot, but the particles are in no organized pattern particles are in a particular spot, but the particles are in no organized pattern ex: rubber, wax ex: rubber, wax

Liquids Change Shape but not Volume Liquid – the state in which matter takes the shape of its container and has a definite volume Liquid – the state in which matter takes the shape of its container and has a definite volume atoms/molecules move fast enough to overcome some of the attractions between them atoms/molecules move fast enough to overcome some of the attractions between them particles slide past each other until the liquid takes the shape of its container particles slide past each other until the liquid takes the shape of its container even though they change shape, they do not easily change volume even though they change shape, they do not easily change volume because particles are close to one another, it is difficult to push them close together because particles are close to one another, it is difficult to push them close together

Surface Tension – the force acting on the particles at the surface of a liquid that causes the liquid to form spherical drops Surface Tension – the force acting on the particles at the surface of a liquid that causes the liquid to form spherical drops Viscosity – the liquid’s resistance to flow; the stronger the attraction, the more viscous the liquid Viscosity – the liquid’s resistance to flow; the stronger the attraction, the more viscous the liquid

Gases Change Both Shape and Volume Gas – the state in which matter changes in both shape and volume Gas – the state in which matter changes in both shape and volume atoms/molecules move fast enough to break away completely from one another atoms/molecules move fast enough to break away completely from one another particles of a substance have less attraction between them than particles of the same substance in the solid or liquid state particles of a substance have less attraction between them than particles of the same substance in the solid or liquid state empty space between particles, amount of empty space can change empty space between particles, amount of empty space can change

Gas Under Pressure Pressure – the amount of force exerted on a given area Pressure – the amount of force exerted on a given area the number of collisions of particles against the inside of the container the number of collisions of particles against the inside of the container ex: basketball vs. beach ball – basketball has higher pressure because the greater number of particles of gas are closer together and collide with the inside of the ball at a faster rate (same can be said about the beach ball, but opposite due to lower pressure) ex: basketball vs. beach ball – basketball has higher pressure because the greater number of particles of gas are closer together and collide with the inside of the ball at a faster rate (same can be said about the beach ball, but opposite due to lower pressure)

Laws Describe Gas Behavior Boyle’s Law – for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas increases as its pressure decreases, OR volume decreases as its pressure increases Boyle’s Law – for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas increases as its pressure decreases, OR volume decreases as its pressure increases Charles’s Law – for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as its temperature increases, OR volume decreases as its temperature decreases Charles’s Law – for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as its temperature increases, OR volume decreases as its temperature decreases ( P T V) ( P T V)

Plasmas Plasma – the state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume and whose particles have broken apart Plasma – the state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume and whose particles have broken apart have properties different from gases have properties different from gases conduct electric current, found in lightning, fire conduct electric current, found in lightning, fire