Chapter 3 Warm-up #1 States Of Matter 1.) Which state of matter has the highest amount of energy associated with it? 1.) Which state of matter has the highest amount of energy associated with it? 2.) Which state of matter has no definite shape but has a definite volume? 2.) Which state of matter has no definite shape but has a definite volume?

Chapter 3 Warm-up #2 States Of Matter 1.) Name the three most used Temperature scales. 2.) List three things about a liquid. 1.) Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales 2.) Definite volume, no definite shape Molecules freely move with weak attraction between them Moderate amount of energy compared to the solid or gas form.

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales To understand the phases of matter you must understand the motion of the molecules Two types of motion Vibration and straight line motion The motion of Molecules or Atoms is determined by the amount of heat available Temperature is a measure of heat

What is heat and how is it measured? What is heat and how is it measured?

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales All materials require different amounts of heat (energy) to change state. All materials require different amounts of heat (energy) to change state. Energy of Iron Video link Energy of Iron Video link Energy of Iron Video link Energy of Iron Video link

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales There is a lower limit to temperature There is a lower limit to temperature The lower limit is “absolute zero” or -273 o C for all substances The lower limit is “absolute zero” or -273 o C for all substances Zero Kelvin or o F Zero Kelvin or o F

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales There is no upper limit to heat! There is no upper limit to heat!

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales The first thermometer was developed by whom? The first thermometer was developed by whom? Galileo Galileo

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales How do you make a temperature scale? How do you make a temperature scale? What things do you need to think about before designing your scale? What things do you need to think about before designing your scale?

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales How do you make a temperature scale? How do you make a temperature scale? Type of liquid in the thermometer and how it expands Type of liquid in the thermometer and how it expands Types of substances to be measured Types of substances to be measured Diameter and length of tube used Diameter and length of tube used Starting and ending points on the scale Starting and ending points on the scale

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales There are 3 Temperature Scales There are 3 Temperature Scales 1.) Kelvin Scale 1.) Kelvin ScaleKelvin ScaleKelvin Scale 2.) Celsius Scale 2.) Celsius ScaleCelsius ScaleCelsius Scale 3.) Fahrenheit Scale 3.) Fahrenheit ScaleFahrenheit ScaleFahrenheit Scale

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales Fahrenheit Scale-developed by Fahrenheit to show the accuracy of his equipment Fahrenheit Scale-developed by Fahrenheit to show the accuracy of his equipment

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales Celsius Scale-based on the temperature at which water freezes and boils at standard pressure equal to 1 atmosphere Celsius Scale-based on the temperature at which water freezes and boils at standard pressure equal to 1 atmosphere

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales Kelvin Scale-starts at absolute zero Kelvin Scale-starts at absolute zero

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Temperature Scales Formulas for Temperature Scale conversions Formulas for Temperature Scale conversions o F to o C o F to o C o C=5/9( o F-32) o C=5/9( o F-32) o C to o F o C to o F o F=9/5( o C)+32 o F=9/5( o C)+32 o C to K o C to K K= o C+273 K= o C+273

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Differences between states of matter Differences between states of matter Solids Solids –Definite shape and definite volume –Lowest amount of energy of the three states –Atoms/molecules can only vibrate in place and are fixed in position

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Differences between states of matter Differences between states of matter Liquids- Liquids- –Definite volume but no definite shape –Take the shape of their container with a surface on top –Have higher energy per molecule than solids –Atoms/molecules are free to move about but are closely packed together. They slip and slide past one another. –Properties Surface tension-results from an inward pull of one molecule towards another along the surface Surface tension-results from an inward pull of one molecule towards another along the surface Viscosity-a liquids resistance to flow Viscosity-a liquids resistance to flow Glass is a very thick viscous liquid Glass is a very thick viscous liquid

Chapter 3 States Of Matter Differences between states of matter Differences between states of matter Gases Gases No definite shape or volume No definite shape or volume Take the shape of the container Take the shape of the container Highest amount of energy Highest amount of energy Most random arrangement of atoms/molecules Most random arrangement of atoms/molecules Atom/Molecules move independent of one another Atom/Molecules move independent of one another

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME What is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From A To B? Solid: the substance is frozen but warming up.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME What is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?At B? Still a solid. The substance reaches its melting point and just begins to melt.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME What is happening between each letter on the phase change diagram?From A To B? substance is frozen but warming up. From B to C? The temp stays CONSTANT while it melts. Energy goes into the substance and is used to break the bonds between the molecules thus melting the substance. From B to C? Part Solid and Part Liquid: The temp stays CONSTANT while it melts. Energy goes into the substance and is used to break the attractive forces between the molecules (not within the compound) thus melting the substance.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At C? Liquid: All of the substance has turned to a liquid and the temp can begin to rise.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From C to D? Liquid: The temp of the liquid rises at a steady rate.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At D? Still a Liquid: The liquid begins to boil

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From D to E? Part Liquid and Part Gas: The liquid continues to boil at a constant temp. The energy is used to break the attractive forces between the molecules that make up the liquid.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At E? Gas: The last bit of liquid boils away and turns to vapor.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From E to F? Gas: The temp. of the vapor begins to increase with no upper limit to its temperature. At some point it would turn to a plasma.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From F to E? Gas: The temp. of the vapor is decreasing.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At E? Gas: The gas begins to condense into a liquid.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From E to D? Part gas part liquid: Condensation of the gas to a liquid. Energy is released from the gas to the surrounding environment and the gas cools

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At D? Liquid: All the gas has turned to a liquid. The liquid can begin to cool.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At D to C? Liquid: The liquid continues to cool.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At C? Liquid: Crystallization begins. A solid begins to form.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From C to B? Liquid: Freezing occurs. The substance tries to cool but the energy released by the freezing process warms the liquid. The temp stays constant as it freezes. Energy released when the ice forms = energy removed from the liquid

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME At B? Solid: Freezing complete.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A B C D E F TEMPERATURE TIME From B to A? Solid: The solid can begin to cool further eventually reaching its coldest temp.

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A Pressure Temperature Triple Point Phase Diagram AB C D

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A Pressure Temperature Area “A” The pressure is high enough and the temp is low enough to keep the substance a solid AB C D

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A Pressure Temperature Area “B” The temperature is high but the high pressure keeps it a liquid AB C D

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A Pressure Temperature Area “C” As the temperature increases so does the pressure but not enough it keep it a liquid so it turns to a gas AB C D

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A Pressure Temperature POINT “D” The temperature and pressure are perfectly matched. The substance can exist in the solid phase, liquid phase and gas phase all at the same time. This is the “TRIPLE POINT” of the substance AB C D

Phase Change Diagram (for water) Phase Change Diagram (for water) A Pressure Temperature AB C D 50 o C Always a SOLID Always a LIQUID Always a GAS Critical Point: No matter how much pressure the substance cannot be turned back into a liquid above this point.