Chapter 12: Introduction to Animals

Aim: What are the characteristics of all animals?

Animal Characteristics Copy 6 characteristics on pg 330

Aim: How do animals adapt to survive?

Adaptations for Obtaining Energy All animals need food and eat different kinds of food Herbivores-eat more often and greater amounts b/c plants don’t give as much energy as other foods Carnivores-capture and kill for food Some are scavengers Don’t eat as often or as much as herbivores b/c meat provides more energy

Omnivores Have more sources of food Detritivores Feed on tiny bits of decaying matter Exs: millipedes and beetles

Physical Adaptations Physical Features (protect animals from predators) Outer coverings-pill bugs Hard shells-turtles Quills-porcupines Mimicry Animal closely resembles another animal in appearance or behavior Predators have difficulty distinguishing between them and won’t attack either animal

Ex: venomous coral snake and the non- venomous scarlet king Can be a disadvantage for scarlet king b/c people mistake them for coral snake and kill them Camouflage Helps animals blend into their environment and hide from their predators Ex: English peppered moth and lichens Ex: trout Ex: cuttlefish-can change color

Predator Adaptations Camouflage Used by predators to sneak up on their prey Ex: tiger’s stripes hides them in tall grasses Killer whales-black on top and white underneath When viewed from top they blend in with the ocean When viewed from the bottom they blend in with sky

Behavioral Adaptations Enable animals to capture prey or avoid predators Skunk spray liquid to keep predators away Octopus- releases cloud of ink to escape predators Gazelle can outrun it’s predators (speed) Wolves travel in packs, which enable them to hunt large prey

Aim: How are animals classified? Webs in notebook

Aim: What are the characteristics of sponges?

Sponges Are homes for many animals, such as shrimp and snails Food source for sea stars and fish Some used for bathing and cleaning Appeared on earth 600 million years ago Evolved separately from all other animals b/c they have little in common with other animals

Characteristics of Sponges Colors, shapes and sizes vary Saltwater-blue, red, orange or yellow Freshwater-dull brown or green Are sessile Found in colonies Body is a hollow tube, that is closed at the bottom and open at the top Has many pores No tissues, organs or organ systems

Collar cells line the inside of the sponge and moves water into the sponge Spicules and spongin provide support and help protect against predators Eat microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, and protists Food and oxygen enter through the spores Wastes travel out through opening in at the top

Can reproduce sexually Most are hermaphrodites Sponge’s own sperm can not fertilize its own egg Can reproduce asexually through budding and regeneration

Aim: What are the characteristics of cnidarians?

Cnidarians Includes corals, sea anemones, hydras, jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war Most live in saltwater Many types of hydras live in freshwater 2 body forms Polyp: shaped like a vase and sessile Medusa: bell-shaped and free swimming

Characteristics of Cnidarian Have one body opening Radial symmetry Have cells that are arranged into tissues Have a digestive cavity Nerve net-system of nerve cells that enables them to conduct simple movements and responses Have tentacles Tentacles have a stinging cell that help cnidarians capture food

Are predators Reproduce asexually and sexually Polyp forms reproduce asexually by budding Polyp forms can reproduce sexually by producing egg and sperm Medusa forms have a sexual and asexual stage of reproduction

Aim: Why are corals important?

Corals Coral reefs are formed by corals secreting their hard external skeletons on to earlier generations Takes millions of years for large reefs to form Has a great diversity of life Help protect beaches and shorelines from the action of waves

Home for organisms that provide us with valuable shells and pearls Chemicals released by corals may provide humans with drugs to fight cancer Some coral can be used to replace human bone

Aim: What are the characteristics of flatworms? Outlined own notes

Aim: What are the characteristics of roundworms?

Roundworms Aka nematodes Found in soil, animals, plants, freshwater, and saltwater Most are free-living Some are parasitic 2 body openings, a mouth and anus Reproduce sexually Body is a tube within a tube

Some cause disease in humans Cause damage to fiber, agricultural products and food Some are beneficial b/c they feed on fleas, termites, ants, beetles and many other insects They provide nutrients to the soil as they breakdown organic material Help in nitrogen cycle