Foreign Policy Chapter 17

Goals & Objectives Foreign Affairs & National Security; Isolationism to Internationalism Foreign & Defense Agencies: CIA, NSA Monroe Doctrine, Manifest Destiny, WWI & WWII, Cold War, Terrorism Foreign Aid & Defense Alliances: NATO, UN, Middle East

Isolationism to Internationalism Domestic Affairs: Foreign Affairs: Isolationism: Why refusal to become involved? George Washington: “Stay out of European affairs”. Too Costly: War through the alliance system. Too Costly: Trade barriers

Isolationism to Imperialism

Today’s World Chemical & Biological Weapons Drug Cartels Rogue States (Iran, N. Korea) International Terrorists Civil Wars What role should the U.S. Play and Why?

Drug Cartels to Terrorists

Foreign Policy Defined Diplomatic Military Commercial Which foreign policy characteristic most often leads our nation into foreign wars and why? Use 3 examples to support your answer.

Role of President in Foreign Policy Commander-in-Chief: Military Chief Diplomat: Appointment Executive Treaty: Agreements Head of State: Spokesman

Foreign Policy Defined Treaties Alliances Trade Defense Economic Aid U.N. (International Law) Imports/Exports Immigration Space Exploration

Secretary of State President’s right arm in foreign affairs Conduct the Nation’s Foreign Policy C. Powell-GH Bush appointment, 1st African American C. Rice- GW Bush appointment, 1st African American Female 1st Cabinet Member 5th in line for the Presidency

Ambassadors Promote American Interests: Special Ambassadors: Trade Intelligence Immigration Aiding American Citizens abroad Special Ambassadors: United Nations North Atlantic Treaty Council

Role of the Secretary of State

Passports & Visas Passports: legal permission to leave Visas: legal permission to enter Ilegal Immigrants vs. American passports You must have permission to depart but not to enter the United States..?

Passports Visas

Diplomatic Immunity Ambassadors may not be sued, taxed, or arrested. They have privacy in their papers, communications and other property. Persona non grata- may be expelled for unacceptable behavior.

Department of War Defense Department The War Department (1789) The Department of the Navy (1798) The Defense Department (1947) National Security Act Unify all military departments under one umbrella 1.4 million military personnel

Defense Department Civil Control of the military… Why? Dangers posed to free government Congress power to declare war and regulate the armed services President commander-in-chief Checks and Balances

American Militia: 2nd Amendment Right to Form & Maintain a Well-Regulated Militia

Defense Department Secretary of Defense: appointed and confirmed. Pentagon: one-forth of federal budget Joint Chiefs: 5 members Chairman of Joint Chiefs Army Chief Chief of Naval Operations Commandant of the Marine Corps Air Force Chief of Staff

Pentagon

The Big 3 Military Departments Army Navy: Marine Corps Air Force

United States ARMY

Department of Army Oldest Largest Created: 1775 Second Continental Congress Ground Base Operations, land warfare Regular Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve 435,000 men 75,000 women (no special forces) Heavy Guns, Helicopter, Anti-Aircraft

Unites States NAVY

United States MARINES: Department of the U.S. Navy

Department of Navy Second Continental Congress 1775 Sea warfare and Defense 385,000 men, 50,000 women Marine Corps: 1775 Land force for Naval Operations 160,000 men, 10,000 women

United States AIR FORCE

Department of Air Force Youngest (1947) Aeronautical Division of the Army Signal Corps (1907) ******Nation’s First Line of Defense Air and Aerospace Operations To attack enemy on land, air, sea Transport and support responsibilities 365,000 men 65,000 women

Foreign Affairs & Defense Agencies FBI-Federal Bureau of Investigations Combats terrorism, espionage Public Health Service: Pandemics, bioterrorism, diseases Coast Guard: Protect shipping on high seas

Centers for Disease Control

Federal Bureau of Investigations

United States Coast Guard

Central Intelligence Agency National Security Council (1947) Appointed by President, confirmed by Senate CIA: Coordinate information-gathering Analyze and evaluate data (info) Brief President and NSC members

Central Intelligence Agency

Central Intelligence Agency “cloak and dagger” agency Espionage or spying Covert-secret operations Not allowed to conduct operations in United States

Department of Homeland Security 2002: Anti-Terrorism agency Border and Transportation Infrastructure protection Emergency Preparedness Chemical, Biological Radiological, nuclear Defense Information analysis

Homeland Security Secret Service Customs INS Coast Guard Transportation Treasury FEMA

NASA 1957: National Aeronautics and Space Administration—independent agency 1986: Challenger 2003: Columbia Origin, Evolution, Structure of Universe Space Station (2000): Brazil, Canada, US, Russia, Japan, 10 European Nations

NASA

Selective Service System 1790’s Beginning; no way to enforce Civil War: South and North Conscripted: Compulsory: Selective Service Act of 1917: WWI Draft ends 1947 following WWII 1st peacetime draft: 1948-1973, Vietnam 18-26 years of age: Major Protests Draft suspended 1973 until Jimmy Carter by executive order reactivates

Founding Fathers Warnings G. Washington: 1796; to steer clear of permanent alliances T. Jefferson: 1801; no entangling alliances Why Isolationism?

Manifest Destiny East Coast to West Coast—One Nation Louisiana Purchase: 1803 Texas 1845 Mexican-American War 1846-1848 Oregon 1846 Native American Territories and the Railroads 1853 Gadsden Purchase 1867 Alaska 1867 War with France in Mexico

East Coast to West Coast: One Nation

The Monroe Doctrine 1823: Western Hemisphere warning to Russia and Europe Protect American trade interests Expansion of Manifest Destiny North and South Poles

Monroe Doctrine an Empire

Spanish-American War 1898 Philippines Guam Puerto Rico Cuba ? Hawaii S. Dole and the Hawaiian King and Queen?

Spanish-American War 1898

Good Neighbor Policy T. Roosevelt Corollary 1903 Panama and Colombia and Panamian Canal Dollar Diplomacy Big Stick Diplomacy 2. F. Roosevelt and a Good Neighbor 3. 1947: Rio Pact—Stay Out Warning!

Speak Softly & Carry a Big Stick

Open Door Policy in China Trade and Commerce Boxer Rebellion 1899: War with China

Boxers vs Economic Expansion

W. Wilson’s Big Lie 1916: “Reelect me, I kept you out of war” 1917: Selective Service Act 1917: “to make the world safe for democracy” You can have any type of government you want as long as it is democratic? Banks: 20 million loans to G. Britain and France

14 Points: League of Nations

Post WWI 3 Back to Back to Back Republicans Warren G. Harding: “A return to Normalcy” Isolationists Roaring 20’s American Banks finance European governments? Punish Germany? New war!

Return to Normalcy: End of WWI

WWII (1941-1945) FDR: “arsenal for/of democracy” Allies: ??? China, Russia, Great Britain Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan Today’s Enemy: Russia, China Today’s Allies: Germany, Japan???? Supplied Allies to defeat Axis in WWII, ended Great Depression in America

2 New Principles Collective Security Deterrence United Nations 1945 Military Might GW Bush: preemptive war, 1st strike to potential enemy

Truman Doctrine Containment: stop spread of communism How? Economic and Military Aid Where? Greece , Turkey, Cuba When? 1947-1980

Berlin Blockade East Germany: Soviet, Communism West Germany: G. Britain, France, U.S When? 1948-1949 Why? To force out G. Britain, France, U.S. Battle of the Bulge What Happened? Pearl Harbor?

Cuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro turned to Communism When? 1959 Why? Lot’s of cash from the Soviets When? 1962, CIA invasion of Cuba Result: Defeated by Cubans and Soviets 13 day Nuclear threat of War!

Korean Conflict When? 1950-1953 Who? ****1st and only UN war. Why? Containment Results: 20 billion spent, 33,629 American soldiers lives Today: Standoff along 38th parallel Is Communism really defeated?

Vietnam Conflict When? 1954-1975 America’s longest war Who? U.S. vs. Nationalist Ho Chi Minh, China, USSR Why? Containment Results: America defeated in retreat Today: Vietnam is a semi-Communist country 58,000 dead American Soldiers

Vietnam Conflict America’s distrust of Foreign Policy America’s distrust of Selective Service Act America’s need to regain world respect for foreign policy initatitves

Cold War 1945-1992 United Soviet Socialists Republic USSR: WAR against Communism and Socialism What was the threat? Explain your answer. Détente: relaxation of tensions with?

Dangerous World Osama bin Laden: al Qaida Taliban-Afghanistan Nuclear Arsenals: Pakistan, India, N. Korea, Iran Saddam Hussein: Iraq

Foreign Aid 60 years of aid dating back to FDR’s Lend-Lease Act $500 Billion in Aid to 100 countries

Security Alliances NATO: 1949 ? Rio Pact: 1947 ? Japanese Pact: 1951 ? Philippines Pact: 1951 ? Korean Pact: 1953 ? Taiwan Pact: 1954 ? United Nations: 1945 ? Israel: 1948