Chapter 6 Section 3
The 15 th Amendment Ratified 1870 Vote cannot be denied any U.S. citizen because of race, color, or pervious condition of servitude Southern whites used violence, threats, social pressures, literacy test, poll taxes, white primaries, and gerrymandering deny African Americans their 15 th Amendment rights
The 15 th Amendment Smith v. Allwright (1944) Banned white primaries Gomillion v. Lightfoot (1960s) Banned gerrymandering for purposes of racial discrimination, but use of literacy test and poll taxes remained into the 1960s
Civil Rights Civil Rights Act of 1957 set up commission to investigate voter discrimination and enabled attorney general to enforce voting rights Civil Rights Act of 1960 provided for federal voting referees to serve where voter discrimination existed and help eligible voters register and vote Civil Rights of 1964 Banned discrimination in jobs and other areas and discriminatory voter registration or literacy requirements
Civil Rights Voting Rights Act of 1965 Prompted by civil rights march in Selma, Alabama; applied 15 th Amendment to all elections, not just federal; challenged poll taxes and literacy test; authorized voting examiners; required federal preclearance for any changes to State election laws South Carolina v. Katzenbach Upheld Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970 Extended the Act for five years; banned literacy tests
Civil Rights Oregon v. Mitchell Upheld ban on literacy tests and the residency requirements in the law Law extended in 1975 Ban on literacy tests made permanent; applied provisions to language minorities Equal Voting Rights